He aha te mea pūmua? Tauira o pūmua ohie, me te matatini

Ki te mārama me pēhea te nui ko nga pūmua, tatu ki haamana'o te parau pai mohiotia Fridriha Engelsa: ". Life - he ara o te oraraa o tinana pūmua" I roto i te meka, i roto i te ao o enei matū i roto i te tua ki waikawa karihi, meinga nga faaiteraa katoa o mea ora. I roto i tenei pepa, ka kitea e matou i roto i te mea ngā reira o te pūmua, ako te mea mahi mahi reira me te tautuhi i te hanganga o nga momo rerekē ngā āhuatanga.

Peptides - waerau tino whakaritea

Oia mau, i roto i te pūtau ora rite tipu me te kararehe pūmua te ine nui matua i runga i te tahi atu matū organic, me te whakahaere i te maha nui o ngā mahi rerekē. whai wāhi ratou i roto i te whānuitanga o ngā tukanga pūtau rawa nui, pērā i te kaupapa, tiaki, whakaoho mahi, me te pera i runga i. Hei tauira, i roto i te uaua kikokiko o kararehe, me te tangata peptides Kei runga ki te 85% i te taimaha o te mea maroke, a i roto i te wheua, me ākiri - i 15-50%.

E tito pūmua pūtau me te kiko katoa o waikawa amino (20 momo). Ratou tau i roto i te kaiao ora he rite ki te rua tekau ngā momo tonu. Various ngā o waetahi peptide ki te hanga i te momo o te pūmua i roto i te natura. Kei te tata i te reira i te tau arorangi o 2x10 ¹⁸ momo taea. I roto i te polypeptides mataora i huaina waerau koiora macromolecular - macromolecules.

waikawa amino - waetahi pūmua

Katoa 20 ngā momo o enei pūhui matū he pūmua me wae hanganga i te tātai whānui NH ₂ -R-COOH. Ko ratou amphoteric matū pararopi ahei ki te faaohipa e rua ngā āhuatanga taketake, me te waikawa. pūmua ohie Ehara i anake, engari ano hoki matatini, Kei pera-ka karanga waikawa amino faufaa. Ko te waetahi faufaa, pērā i valine, lysine, e taea te kitea methionine anake i roto i etahi momo o belkov.Takie pūmua tuku ki rite nui-kōeke.

Na reira, characterizing te polymer ki pūkete kore anake e hia o nga waikawa amino he pūmua, engari ano hoki he aha te ahua o waetahi e piri e here peptide i roto i te macromolecule. Tāpiri e faufaa waikawa amino pērā i asparagine, waikawa glutamic, kia takitahi synthesized cysteine i roto i ngā pūtau o te tangata me te kararehe. waetahi Essential He pūmua hua i roto i te huakita, otaota me te harore. haere mai ratou i roto i kaiao heterotrophic anake ki te kai.

Ka rite ki polypeptide hua

Ka rite ki mohiotia te, e taea te honoa 20 rerekē waikawa amino ki te plurality o te tini o ngā rāpoi ngota pūmua. Nahea te te here o waetahi ki tahi i te tahi? puta te reira e te carboxyl me Amen rōpū o waikawa amino pātata e takoto i pāhekoheko. He pera-ka karanga peptide here, a kua tohaina ngā rāpoi ngota wai rite te byproduct o te tauhohenga polycondensation. Kei roto i te pūmua muingota hua o ngā toenga waikawa amino me here peptide auau. Na reira e huaina hoki ratou polypeptides.

E mea pinepine, e taea i roto i pūmua kore noa tetahi engari e rave rahi polypeptide mekameka, me ngā o nga mano maha o ngā toenga waikawa amino. Ano, pūmua ohie me he proteid taea haafifi i to ratou whirihoranga mokowā. hanga tenei e kore anake tuatahi, engari ano hoki Tuarua, tuatoru, me te ara te hanganga quaternary. E hi'opoa tatou i tenei tukanga i roto i te kōrero atu. Tonu ki te tūhura i te pātai o te mea te tikanga he pūmua, kitea i roto i te mea i te whirihoranga kua tenei macromolecule. Kua kitea e matou e te mekameka polypeptide ngā he plurality o here kotuari matū. Ko reira i huaina tenei hanganga ko te tuatahi.

nui te reira i te wāhi nui te hanganga ine, me te kounga o waikawa amino, me te te raupapa o ratou hononga. whakatika hanganga Tuarua i te kau o te helix. stabilizes reira maha hou puta here hauwai.

taumata Higher o whakahaere pūmua

hanganga Tuatoru ko te hua o te pōkaitanga tōrino i roto i te puka o te pōro - globules, hei tauira, kua tika he taua hanganga mokowā uaua pūmua myoglobin papanga. Kei te tautokona te reira rite hou i hanga e te here hauwai, me here disulfide (ki te toenga cysteine ngā maha ngā muingota o te pūmua). puka Quaternary - ko te hua o te whakakotahi ki te hanganga kotahi rave rahi globules pūmua i ngā momo hou o taunekeneke, pērā i hydrophobic hiko ranei tenei. Āpiti atu ki te peptides me hanganga quaternary ngā wahi nonproteinaceous. ai ēnei hei katote konupora, rino, parahi toenga ranei orthophosphate ranei waikawa karihi, me lipids.

Āhuatanga pūmua biosynthesis

Kua kitea e mua e matou i roto i te mea ngā reira o te pūmua. Kei te hanga te reira o te waikawa amino raupapa. Ratou whakaminenga ki te mekameka polypeptide e wahi i roto i te ribosomes - kore-membrane organelles, tipu, me te kararehe pūtau. I roto i te te biosynthesis o te rāpoi ngota e hoki ngā mōhiohio whai wāhi, me te whakawhiti RNA. Ko te tuatahi ko te tauira mo te huihui pūmua me te ngā waikawa amino tuarua tuku. i reira te he fifi i roto i te tukanga o te te biosynthesis pūtau, ara, ngā o nucleotides waikawa amino ranei pūmua? He kuware te whakahoki - nga polypeptides o rua ohie, me te matatini ngā o ngā pūhui matū waro amphoteric - waikawa amino. I roto i te huringa ora o ngā pūtau , i reira he wā o tona mahi, ina e te ariā pūmua tuu kaha tino. Tenei pera-ka karanga atamira J1 me J2 interphase. I tenei wa, kei te kaha te tipu i te pūtau, me te hiahia te rota o te rauemi hanga, i te mea pūmua. I tua atu, ka rite ki te hua o mitotic puka mutunga e rua ngā pūtau tamahine, ia o nei hiahia te nui o matū waro, Heoi i roto i te awa maheni kiriuwhi he kōtuitanga kaha o lipids me te warowaihā, a i roto i te EPM potakataka puta biosynthesis o pūmua.

Ko te mahi o te pūmua

E mohio ana he aha te hanga ake te pūmua, e taea te faataa i te reira rite te momo nui o ngā momo, ko te āhuatanga ahurei tūturu i roto i enei matū. Pūmua mahi i roto i te whare herehere i te momo o ngā mahi, pērā i te hanga, hei wāhanga o te kiriuhi o ngā pūtau katoa me organelles: pungaraungao, chloroplasts, lysosomes, Golgi matatini, me pera i runga i. Pērā peptides rite gamoglobuliny antibody ranei - he tauira o te pūmua ohie e mahi i te mahi tiaki. I roto i te mau parau te tahi atu, te mate pūtau - ko te hua o te mahi o enei matū tenei. He pūmua matatini - rohe tītere, me ki pūtoto, te mauria atu mahi waka kararehe, e ko, te maua e hāora i roto i te toto. Kïia e pūmua e hanga ake te membrane pūtau, ki te mōhiohio pūtau whakarato i runga i matū, e ngana ana ki te tiki i roto i tona cytoplasm. peptide albumin te kawenga mō te tawhā taketake o toto, mo te tauira, mo tona kaha ki te katinga. Pūmua ovalbumin kararehe te hua i roto i te whare herehere, me te puna matua o ngā matūkai.

Pūmua - te pūtake o te cytoskeleton pūtau

Ko tētahi o nga mahi nui o peptides - tautoko. He mea tino nui ki te mau tonu te āhua, me te rōrahi o ngā pūtau ora. Ko te submembrane hanganga pera-ka karanga - microtubules me microfilaments tu'ati ki te hanga i te kōiwi ā-o te pūtau. Pūmua ngā i roto i to ratou hanganga, hei tauira, tubulin, taea noa te kōpeke, ka totoro. E āwhina ana tēnei i te pūtau ki te pupuri i tona āhua i roto i deformations aunoa.

I roto i te tipu ngā pūtau, me ki pūmua hyaloplasm, mahi hoki mahi tautoko whenu cytoplasm - plasmodesmata. E haere ana i te kōputaputa i roto i te taiepa pūtau, meinga ratou te hononga i waenganui i te maha o ngā hanganga pūtau whāriki e hanga te kiko whakato.

Whākōkī - he taonga o te taiao pūmua

Ko tētahi o nga āhuatanga tino nui o te pūmua - ratou pānga i runga i te tere o te tauhohe matū. E taea e ki te denature wāhanga pūmua Basic - taui i macromolecule tukanga i roto i te hanganga tuatoru quaternary ranei. E kore e pakaru i te mekameka polypeptide rawa taua. denaturation Motunga niu nei e rua te tohu, me te mahi catalytic o te pūmua. Ko te taonga whakamutunga ko te kaha o whākōkī ki whakaawe i te auau o ngā tauhohe matüora i roto i te karihi, me te cytoplasm o ngā pūtau. Peptides e, hei kōrero, te whakaiti i te auau o ngā tukanga matū kore karangatia e whākōkī me inhibitors. Hei tauira, he pūmua Catalase ohie ko te whākōkī e accelerates te wāwāhi o te hauwai o matū paitini. Kei te hua te reira i rite te hua mutunga o maha tauhohe matū. Catalase whakatere tona tikanga ki kūpapa matū, te wai me te hāora.

āhuatanga o pūmua

Whakaröpütia te peptides i roto i ngā huarahi maha. Hei tauira, ki te whakapai kanohi ki te wai e taea te wehea ki hydrophilic me hydrophobic. Temperature hoki rerekē pā te hanganga me ngā āhuatanga o te rāpoi ngota pūmua. Hei tauira, te pūmua keratin - ka taea e te tu makawe, me te wāhanga titi pāmahana e rua iti, me te tiketike, ko thermolabile i.e.. Ko te ovalbumin pūmua, whakahuatia mua, ka hana ki 80-100 ° C te tino ngaro. tikanga o tēnei e te wahia ai ki te hanganga tuatahi o nga toenga waikawa amino. huaina ana tēnei tukanga ko te whakangaromanga. Ko nga mea katoa i te tikanga, e kore matou i hanga, i roto i te puka taketake o te hoki pūmua e kore e taea e. te pūmua Motor - actin me te milozin reira i roto i te muka uaua. Ratou hukihuki kē me te whakangā ko te pūtake o te mahi uaua.