He aha te mea te hokohoko? Māngai mercantilism. Mercantilism i roto i te ohaoha

Kua rongo tokomaha te iwi te kupu "mōna", engari e mohio e kore katoa te mea te auraa a te wahi tupu. Otira he whanaunga tata te kupu ki tetahi o nga pūnaha parau haapiiraa tino rongonui tuatahi puta i roto i te rau tau XV. Na te aha mercantilism me aha mahu'inga i te reira i roto i te aamu o te taata nei?

Ko te hītori o te takanga

He aha te mea te "mercantilism" i roto i te tikanga whānui o te kupu? Ko te wā iho mai i te kupu Latin Mercanti, e mooni whakamāoritanga rite "hokohoko". Ko paku rerekē Mercantilism rite tautuhia i roto i ngā pukapuka rerekē, ko te ariā ohaoha, e whakapuakina te whaihua o te tuwhene toenga o utu o te kāwanatanga mo te hua i roto i te tohanga o te papatipu moni, me te whakaongaonga i te ōhanga. E whakanui te hiahia ki te protectionism rite te tikanga o te whakatutuki i ēnei whāinga. Ko te ariā o "mercantilism" i whakamahia whānuitia e te kaituhi o te ngā tuhinga whakapae pūtaiao substantiates te hiahia mō te wawao a te kāwanatanga i roto i tetahi mahi ohaoha. Tenei wāhanga i te tuatahi whakaarohia e te philosopho Kotimana rongonui, me te ohanga Arama Smith. mahi kaha whakahē ia ana hoa, e karanga ana ki runga ki o Amerika ki te tango i tetahi wahi i roto i ngā mahi ōhanga i te tikanga o protectionism, i i whakahuatia i roto i tuku pūtea āwhina i te kaihanga motu me te whakatūnga o te mau ohipa kawemai tiketike. whakapono Arama Smith e te mercantilists, e he economists, ngā, hokohoko, me te tiakina i te ngākau nuitanga o te heriheri o te Te Tai Rāwhiti India Company me etahi atu kamupene Ingarihi-kararehe. He maha hītori faufaa whakahē ki tenei whakaaro o Arama Smith. tautohe ratou e te whanaketanga o te ture mercantilist Ingarangi i runga i nga whakaaro o te whānui o te iwi whānui, industrialists me kaihokohoko kore anake.

Whāinga me te Māoritanga o te mercantilism

Rerekē Arama Smith, te tatarahapa o tenei tohe ako e te whakaaro o tenei kaupapa, ko te kore noa ki te makona nga wawata o industrialists Ingarangi me kaihokohoko, engari ano hoki te whakaiti o te kore mahi, te hua i roto i takoha ki te pūtea o te whenua, te whawhai ki Kamupane, e whakakaha ana haumarutanga motu. Hei matau aha mercantilism, me āta titiro e koe tona Māoritanga. Ko tōna parau tumu niu:

• Ka taea e anake nui mahi hua, kia i roto i te hunga ahumahi e hua taonga mo te kaweake;
• Ka taea e anake taonga faaite i te faufaa o te konganuku utu nui;
• kia whakatenatena ki tāwāhi i te kāwanatanga;
• kia whakarite i te kāwanatanga te heriheri o industrialists kāinga me kaipakihi ki te awhina o te ārai whakataetae;
• hiahiatia tupu taupori ki te whakaora i te utu iti, me te auau tiketike o te hoki.

mahi mercantilist

E ai ki kaitautoko o tenei ariā ōhanga, kua reira nga mahi e whai ake nei:

• whakawhanake me te whakatinana i ngā taunakitanga mo te ahua, mai te hanganga o te toenga pai o te hokohoko, kahore wawao a te kāwanatanga e taea noa;
• ki te kawe i roto i te kaupapa here o te protectionism, na roto i te te whakatakoto tikanga takoha teitei (tariffs) i runga i te taonga e kua kawemai i noa atu; whakatairanga i te whanaketanga o te hunga ahumahi e te tikanga mo te hokohoko ke nei hua; whakatinanatanga o ngä tohu manawarü ki ngā hua e kua kaweake noa atu.

Ko te tūranga o te mercantilism i roto i te ohaoha

Ko te ariā o te mercantilism - ko tetahi o te mau parau haapiiraa ōhanga tuatahi, āhuatanga e tona tapatahi. ka mau tona ahua me te whakaae wahi i roto i te wā o te moni wawe. Kua whakapono Mercantilists tonu e te tūranga matua i roto i tetahi ōhanga, me i konei ano hoki i roto i te hanganga o te pai, i nga wa katoa whai te ao o te tohanga. E ai ki a ratou, takoto anake i roto i te moni taonga o te iwi. i whakaaro fakaangá o mercantilism e i roto i te oma roa arata'i te kaupapa here taua ki whaiaro-whakangaromanga o te ōhanga, kia rite ki te tonu ārahi moni atu ki utu teitei. Ko taea anake te whanaketanga tae noa ki taua wa hei matapihi hokohoko hohe e kore e ngaro, engari te hua o tetahi here ki runga ki te hoko o ngā hua e anake parekura kupenga. Kei te wehea te mercantilism ki wawe, me te mutunga o ngā wāhanga.

Ko te whanaketanga o te ariā ohaoha

Mercantilism i roto i te ōhanga, rite tetahi atu ariā, kei te tipu tonu. I te tahi taime rerekē kua tipu ōna mātāpono i runga i te taumata o te hanga ahumahi me te tauhokohoko rānei. . He tūranga taketake rawa pakeke (tau e tika ana) te pera-ka karanga "mercantilism wawe," e pā ana ki te rau tau XV-XVI, i:

• hoki kaweake o konganuku utu nui (hiriwa, te koura) i te whenua okioki tautea mate;
• i whāiti kawemai o taonga ki whānui;
• whakaturia hoki taonga ke i utu tiketike rawa;
• ki te whakawhāiti i te leakage o te supply moni o te whenua rāhuitia tona kaweake ki waho;
• puta i te hoko o nga tangata ke i ki te noho i runga i te hoko o taonga rohe;
• whakaaro Theory o toenga moni i ariki, no te mea i hāngai ai ki runga ki nga kaupapa here katoa e hāngai ana i te whakanui ake i te taonga i roto i te ture.

whakaahuatia mercantilism wawe Marx rite "pūnaha moni." Māngai o mercantilism i roto i tenei wā: te pakeha W. Stafford, Itāriana De Santis, G. Scaruffi.

mercantilism mutunga

Mai te hawhe tuarua o te rau tau XVI. a tae noa ki te mutunga o te rau tau XVII. tipu tenei ariā he moka. haere mai nui te hokohoko i roto i te ōhanga i ngā ariā ngā ki te wā ahumahi. tikanga ia ki te whakawhāiti i te hiahia takitahi o te iwi, me te inelasticity o tono. I ka hapu te ōhanga rite te kēmu kore moni. I roto i te mau parau te tahi atu, i ōrite ki te taonga o tetahi ope te mate o tetahi. He aha te mercantilism i roto i tenei tau? Ko tōna tikanga matua:

• Ko te reira i te whakaaro tino o te tuwhene hokohoko;
• E riro here pākaha ki runga i kaweake me kawemai o taonga mo te moni;
• āhuatanga te kaupapa here ōhanga o te kāwanatanga e kaihanga kāinga protectionism;
• whakawhanake te reira i te parau tumu o te rironga o taonga cheap i roto i te kotahi whenua, me te hoko ia ratou mo te utu teitei i roto i tetahi atu;
• tiaki o te taupori i te kinonga meinga i hokohoko free.

Ko te māngai matua o mercantilism: te pakeha T. Mann (etahi puna - Maine), te Italian me te Wīwī A. Serra A. Montchretien.

Ko te ariā o te hokohoko toenga

E ai ki nga mercantilists muri, i whakaratohia hokohoko toenga i te kaweake o taonga i te whenua. Ko te parau tumu matua o te hokohoko: hoko iti, me te hoko matenui. He Money e rua mahi: Whakamahinga me te rokiroki tikanga, e ko, ka anga mercantilism mutunga ki te hamani i te moni kia rite ki whakapaipai, te iteraa i taua moni ko te koloa.

te mau parau tumu Basic:

• whakahaere o te hokohoko ke mo te whakaaro o te tomonga o te hiriwa me te koura;
• Ahumahi tautoko mā te kawemai rauemi raw atu cheap;
• whakatūnga o tariffs tiaki i runga i taonga kawemai;
• whakatairanga kaweake;
• tupu taupori i roto i te tikanga ki te mau tonu i te taumata iti o te utu.

Tuatapapa whakapono e he rawa ahu whakamua hoki tona wa mutunga te mercantilism. āwhina ia i roto i te pahi, ahumahi, hokohoko, te wehenga ao o te mahi.

whanaketanga o te mercantilism

Mercantilism i roto i te mutunga o te XVII, me te timatanga o te ōhanga XIX rau. tata katoa o nga whenua tino whakawhanakehia o Europe (Ingarangi, Austria, Sweden, France, Prussia) tangohia te rite te parau haapiiraa ōhanga mōhiohio. I roto i Ingarangi kua vai te reira mo tata 2 tenetere (tae noa ki te rau tau waenganui XIX.). Mercantilism, rite tautuhi i roto i tenei wā moni ki te ariā rerekē o te ariā ohaoha - protectionism, a ka rongonui i roto i Russia. kua whakamahia hoki te wa tuatahi i te reira mau parau tumu ano Pita I. I roto i te kingitanga o Elizabeth mercantilism i Russia te piki haere, a reira whakamahi i tēnei ariā ōhanga tino ngā wā katoa i raro i te kāwanatanga Nicholas ahau. I roto i tenei wā, kaupapa here protectionist hāngai i i te whakapai ake toenga hokohoko te whenua o, i whai wāhi ki te whanaketanga o te ahumahi me te tipu taupori tere. I roto i tenei wā, te toenga i waenganui i kawemai me tāwāhi i whakaturia e tika ana ki te huringa i roto i utu i roto i te whenua - ngā kaiuru i roto i te tukanga hokohoko.

mercantilists Russian

I roto i Russia, ko te faaiteraa kanapa o te whakaaro o mercantilism te AL-Ordyn Nashchekin (1605-1680 gg.). Tenei hau, whakaputaina i roto i te 1667, "New Arumoni Charter", î nei te ki te mau parau tumu, me whakaaro o tenei ariā. tikanga tonu AL-Ordyn Nashchekin ki te kawe i roto i to ratou ake whenua rite nui whakarewa utu nui rite taea. Ia ka hoki rongonui mo tona pumau o kaihokohoko, me te hokohoko kāinga.

hanga he whai nui ki te ariā ohaoha kua pūtaiao Russian, me te ahua tūmatanui V. N. Tatischev (1680-1750 gg.), Ko wai i ki te kaweake ki waho o te mua koura, me te hiriwa. Kawemai o konganuku utu nui whakaekea ia tino noa o takoha (ngaahi fatongia), kia rite ki te pai kia rite ki te kawemai o ngā rauemi raw e hiahiatia ana mo te whanaketanga o te ahumahi motu. whakaarohia e ia ki te whakamōhio mau ohipa teitei i runga i te taonga me te taonga e taea te hua i hinonga Russian.

ohanga Kōhure o tona wa whakaaro mercantilists me I. T. Pososhkova (1652-1726 gg.). I te 1724 ka tuhituhi ia te "pukapuka o te matekai, me te taonga", i roto i i faaite e ia he rota o whakaaro taketake (hei tauira, te wehenga o te taonga i roto i te mau me te kore-tūturu). Ahakoa o economists Pākehā tangi I. T. Pososhkov hōtaka ōhanga o te whanaketanga o Russia, tango ki pūkete nga pau o te mooni motu.

mercantilism Ingarihi

kawea tenei kaupapa ōhanga i roto i roto i tata katoa whenua Pākehā, engari i te wa ano - i runga i te āhuatanga o mua i roto i te whenua rānei - i hoatu e ia hua rerekē. Ko te angitu nui o mercantilism ariā tutuki i roto i Ingarangi. Nā ki ona mau parau tumu, me ngā aratohu ka taua āhua i te kingitanga koroni nui i roto i te ao. Ko te ariā o te mercantilism UK whakaata tino te ngākau nuitanga o ona motuhake hokohoko nui rawa.

mercantilism kura

Te hokohoko i tona matua, ko te kura tuatahi o te ōhanga tōrangapū bourgeois, i tamata ki te whakatika takahi te kaupapa here taunaki e nga kaihokohoko. Kei te āhuatanga i te reira na roto i te wawaotanga kāwanatanga kaha i roto i ngā tukanga ōhanga katoa. Ua haapii te kura mercantilism e na roto noa i te protectionism āhua hohe kia whakapiki ake i te hanga o taonga mo kaweake. I roto i tenei take, kia hāngai kaupapa here kāwanatanga i tautoko i te roha o te whakapaipai arumoni ma te faaitoito i te hanganga o kamupene heriheri whai wāhi i roto i te hoko o ratou hua. State kia e te tikanga katoa ki te whakawhanake i whakatere me te kaipuke, ki te hopu i atu o nga koroni. Hei whakatutuki i ēnei whāinga i ki whakaara takoha tangata '.

Ko te tūranga o te ao o te tohanga

Kaiwhakahau o mercantilism utua aro mōrahi ko te ao o te tohanga. Heoi, whakauaua ratou i ako i te ture kāinga o te hanga capitalist mäharahara ana. Ko te mercantilists ōhanga tōrangapū katoa tirohia rite te pūtaiao e Akoranga toenga te whenua o o hokohoko. kaitautoko wawe o tenei ariā aifaito taonga ki konganuku utu (koura, hiriwa), a muri mai - ki te hua i te taikaha toe i muri i utu o nga hiahia o te kāwanatanga, e taea te mohio i runga i te mākete ke, a tahuri ana ki te moni. I roto i nga tikanga o te kore o te moni wawe mercantilists iti tona mahi te ki te haaputuputuraa o moni. Neke atu i te wa, ka anga te moni ki te kite, me te reo o te utu. timata mercantilists i muri ki te hamani i te moni kia rite ki whakapaipai.

Money - nga taonga

whakapono mercantilists muri mai te koloa moni, engari Marx me kore i taea e feruri i roto i te aha, me te pehea te tahuri te hua ki te moni. Whakateka tana tuhinga pokapū o "moni - Ko te taonga" mercantilists ka nga tupuna o te "nominalist" pera-ka karanga a muri "ine" ariā moni. Whakaaturia e hua anake mahi, nei hua mo kaweake kawea te kāwanatanga he rota atu moni atu kua ratou utu kua. I roto i te tukanga o te whanaketanga tere o te moni, i taea e kore te whakatau āhuatanga mercantilism nga tikanga ohaoha hou. I whakakapi ia e te ōhanga tōrangapū bourgeois, e takahi tāia free mahi ohaoha. Kua rere Mercantilism tona akoranga i te wa, ka te whenua whakawhanakehia, hoatu te whakapaipai arumoni ara ki ahumahi. Ahu te reira i a tupu i roto i te whakawhitinga ki te hanga ahumahi o te ōhanga tōrangapū puāwaitanga.