He aha te mea te mahere whenua o te anatomy? anatomy rohe

whakamaoritia te wā "mahere whenua" (tuatahi puta whakamāramatanga i roto i te tātai) i te Kariki rite "ki te whakaahua i te wāhi." I roto i te rau tau XIX. whakawhetai ki te mahi o te taote kupu nui Nikolai Pirogov paku i roto i ngā huarahi hou. Mai i te pūtaiao o te mata o te whenua te hanganga o te wā heke ki te ako o te Force tangata, kua riro rongo te ao tata. Ko te ako hou i huaina "anatomy matawhenua."

Poznan

He aha te mea te mahere whenua o te rongoā, e mohio ana ia nga ākonga te akoranga tuatahi o tetahi whare hāngai kōtaha. Kua tēnei ako kua ako i te whakaritenga o nga wahi tangata, me whekau, me te ratou pāhekoheko ki ia atu.

anatomy matawhenua te whakaaro i te puka, me te hanganga o nga wāhanga o te tinana e kua puta ke rite ki te hua o ngā momo o pathologies. Kohikohi raraunga pūtaiao i runga i o ratou huri āhuatanga e tika ana ki te tikanga te ngau ke, ngā reira matauranga, hanga whai hua ratou i roto i te therapy me pokanga.

Ka rite ki te ako ka whakamahia, te mahere whenua o nga whekau kua ako i te hanganga paparanga o te wāhanga o te tinana tangata, whakaaro i te reira i roto i rererangi rerekē. Ano i roto i te rohe o te moni o tenei pūtaiao ngā:

• tukanga o te tohanga toto;
• pokapū hoahoa i runga i te kiri, me to ratou wāhi i roto i te pā ana ki te kōhiwi;
• supply o ngā pūtau io, te kopa, me te waitinana matamua i ratou i roto i nga tikanga tūturu, me te pathological;
• tau, sex me ngā āhuatanga ture o te tinana tangata.

mōhiotanga o te kaupapa

mātauranga mahere whenua hāparapara herenga tohatoha i ēnei wāhi kikokiko:

• te upoko (e te mea he huinga o tahi mahi whekau pērā i te roro, kanohi, reka, me te hongi receptors, taringa, mangai me te paeoro);
• kaki (rite te wahi honotanga te upoko ki te tinana, i roto i nei i te ara supply tino nui, pērā i te pū kai, paeoro, te pukorokoro me oko toto, me pera);
• kātua (mau, he tinana utumu ranei, e kei te maha nui o whekau tangata faufaa);
• pito (rite konga taurua motuhake i roto i to ratou hononga ki ētahi atu wāhanga o te tinana).

rohe atu rerekëtanga e hanga ake nga āhuatanga koiora o te tangata, whai wāhi hoki i roto i te mahere whenua. Pukapuka matua i runga i tenei ako, tokanga nui ki te whakaritenga tahi o ngā wāhanga o te tinana, me to ratou pānga i runga i te mata tinana, whakarato reira te anga whānui mō te tātaritanga o mate.

Ko te tono o te matauranga pūtaiao

Ko te mātauranga mahere whenua o te tinana tangata rite te pūnaha o te mōhiohio i runga i tona hanganga, me te mahi o te tono e whai wāhi nui i roto i te rongoā, hoatu he pūtake ariā mō te pokanga mahi.

mōhiotanga pū o te paparanga o te tinana i roto i te ahunga i te mata o te kiri ki te hohonu kiko e tika ana mo tetahi mahi. Whakaahua i te hanganga o te mahere whenua tinana tangata taea reira ki ngā wā katoa, me te haumaru ngā ki tomo ki te wāhi i roto i te hiahia o te wawaotanga hāparapara.

N. Pirogov whakapono e te take o te nuinga tūturu o te mahi i taka o tākuta nāianei takoto i roto i te tau'a ore i te matauranga mahi. Whakautu maha pātai e pā ana ki te mea ko te mahere whenua, ka karanga te kaipūtaiao reira "te pononga o te tākuta." Falala anake i runga i te matauranga ariā, e he kahore neke atu i te kōwhiringa toharite o ngā mahi raraunga e ihupuku ki te whakatau ki hitimahuta i te puka o te āhuatanga takitahi o te tinana tangata.

tikanga ako

Ka rite ki te mātauranga mahere whenua pūtaiao tono (pukapuka matua e utu nui aro ki te akoranga o te kopa fascial) taote aro whakarongo ki nga taipitopito iti rawa o te hanganga tinana. Tino tūhura i te āhuatanga mahi o te membrane paruru hipoki nga whekau, oko toto me muka karere, tohu reira ture ngā katoa

Te whakatauira i rite ano mohiotia ki ture kikokiko pūtaiao, ki te rapu hoki tikanga pai hou o ngā mahi production - e mahi i enei take katoa ki te mahere whenua kikokiko. Tikanga e whakamahia ana i roto i tenei ako, me te wehe i te tinana i te taha ki te taha, tetahi wahi hanga i runga i te taua parau tumu rite te ngā whakamahia i roto i te pūtaiao o te hanganga o te mata o te whenua. Ki te hunga, hei tauira, ngā te ariā o:

• medial me lateral,
• runga me te raro
• e tata ana a tawhiti,
• matau, i mahue;
• nui, me te iti, me ētahi atu

Hoki te hanganga o te mārama māramatanga o te mea te mahere whenua o te anatomy, kia whakaaro koe i te reira o te faufaa rahi mo te ako o ngā hauora pērā pērā i ngā pānga i runga i te CNS me PNS. Ka rite ki te pūtaiao o te tinana kia rite ki te katoa, he reira o uara nui mo te tātaritanga me te, te mutunga, whakatau katoa pūnaha maimoatanga ngā.

Haunga te anatomy noa

Ko te āhuatanga tuatahi, me te tino kitea ko te huarahi hāparapara ki te mahere whenua whakaahuatanga tangata. Na ka heheu ia te whanaunga wāhi o te tinana o ngā wāhi, tomo ratou te anatomy matarohia i roto i te pūnaha: kaupapa, manawa, toto te tohanga, me ētahi atu I tua atu, synthesizes te pūtaiao e pā ana ki ngā wāhanga o te tinana te matauranga. Ko te anatomy puāwaitanga homai matua ki te tātari (rite pūnaha oti me whekau takitahi).

Ko te whakahoki ki te mea ko te mahere whenua, e kore e kia tino kahore tango ki pūkete te moni motuhake e whakaaturanga tenei pūtaiao ki ngā huringa i roto i te kopa o te tinana kitea ki katoa o pathologies. Na, ka mohiotia whakawhetai ki tenei pūtaiao te nui whakaawe tukanga inflammatory ki te puka taketake me te huru o tinana. E mea pinepine, hono te nuinga o te mau fifi i roto i te mahi whakaputa te ki te muka rītaha kaha whai wāhi ki te tukanga puku, whanaunga ki o ratou tūranga tuatahi.

tinana te roha o te matenga

Ko te rohe o tenei wahi o te tinana ki te kaki toro haere te rārangi kauae raro. I roto i tona hanganga ngā wāhanga kanohi me te roro. tu te whakamutunga i te turanga, me te kikorangi cranial, e ko te hua o te rohe e toru tahi.

Lobnotemennozatylochnaya paparanga rohe ngā o:

• Rura;
• wheua;
• kiriuhi wheua;
• kiko tūhonohono wewete;
• iohere potae;
• ngako;
• kiri.

Ko te āhuatanga o te hanganga o te pūnaha io pokapū, kohikohi me te whakaemi raraunga i runga i te mahi whanaunga o ona wāhanga whai wāhi i roto i te mahere whenua o te roro. I roto i te mea o te whakakī i te angaanga, tohatoha tona te tauturu katoa, me te te tuakoi. Ko te kaupapa o te ako, ko te me tona hanganga ā-. whakaaro Rawa te wahi o raro o te roro, me ia o nga tari.

Hemispheric moa ako mata me teiteiraa, e kua kei waenganui i a ratou. Kei te hoatu faufaa nui ki te tauira o convolutions. Moa faaite Tuakoi 6 hea.

hanganga kauae

Ka rite ki mātauranga mahere whenua mōhiotanga pūtaiao o te niho ko te huinga o ngā mōhiohio e pā ana ki te hanganga me te mahi o te mau parau tumu o te hanganga wheua i roto i te mangai. Ano, synthesizes reira raraunga i runga i te pūrere rite te katoa he kauae i roto i tona ngatahi ki kōhao-waha tangata. He tika kainga o tenei mōhiohio mō te faaineineraa o te niho, me kauae mō ngā take hauora: taatiraa, purenga o awa pakiaka me kōwhao, mukunga me te ako o te wheua hanganga.

Ko te hanganga niho taua wahi taratahi ona:

• karauna (i hanga o wha taiepa, me he tapatoru, etahi impaction ki te wāwāhi rangi);
• kaki;
• (Ko te pakiaka i roto i te pūtau, me te wheua hanganga motuhake i roto i ona totoka he kiko tūhonohono motuhake hipoki ki te sima ngohengohe).

I roto i te waenganui o te hanganga wheua he tuwhera, kiore ki te tihi. Roto kei reira te penupenu o te niho, ka karanga te penupenu me te kawenga mō te niho kai. E whakapuakihia ana ki ētahi atu papanga me muka raru me oko toto, kohia ki te paihere.

tinana te roha o te kanohi

E ai ki tona hanganga, me te roa o te rārangi o ngā wāhanga e whakaaro tinana te ki hei te uaua tino (i muri i te roro). 'Afio, ahakoa tona rahi āhua iti, kei reira he nui nui o te momo o ngā pūnaha, he whānui whānui o ngā mahi. Ko te kupu, kei optikobiologicheskaya neke atu i te 2.5 miriona huānga tuku ki te tukatuka me te homai ki te roro papa nui o ngā mōhiohio mō iti iho i te kotahi rau o te tuarua.

pūrere kanohi i te wāhi pūkaha o te tirohanga ko ahua rite te taputapu whakaahua. Ko reira hoki tenei take e te maha whakamahia anatomy wā "mahere whenua whatu", i te mea tika atu ki te whakamahi i roto i te pūtaiao hangarau. Ano, he mea hāngai ki te tikanga tātaritanga ōrite ana.

tūranga arotahi i roto i tenei okana tikanga takaro e te huinga o te taupoki io, whatupango me te arotahi. Te whakamutunga, e tika ana ki tona kaha ki te rerekē te koki o te curvature, mahi rite arotahi, te huri i te koinga o te whakapakoko.

mātauranga mahere whenua o te kaki

I tua atu ki te kiri i roto i te rārangi o ngā wāhanga tinana e hono te upoko ki te tinana ngā:

• paihere o muka uaua;
• "Horahia" honotanga anga (fascia);
• te-ka karanga kia "Tapatoru waha whare" (te wāhi kopakia ana e paihere uaua);
• wahi o te tīwae filosilivá (tito o e whitu wheua ki te tinana o raro).

Kei te wehea herenga te tinana te roha o te kaki kātahi poutū. Runga ake haere te reira i roto i te tinana o te wheua wheua arero, me raro - Aukatihia ai i roto i te wahi o runga hikinga o te whaturei. I roto i ia o nga haurua motuhia i roto i rua ngā momo o tapatoru: te medial me lateral.

Kei te wehea te tuatahi ki toru iti:

• submaxillary (whāiti muri uaua digastric);
• Tunewha (ngā pera roto, o waho);
• scapular-tracheal.

Ko te rohe lateral i runga i te matamata o te Taparara, me te āhei, a ngā rua tapatoru. I roto i te tuatahi i reira ko:

• paihere o manga me te peke, me te plexus waha;
• iatuku subclavian (me ona wahi wāhanga katoa).

Ko te hanganga o te pūnaha io

Ko te mahi matua e rave tenei whakahaere matatini o muka motuhake, ko te pānui o te pānga waho o te taiao me te whakautu e tika ana i roto i te CNS.

Ko te tino matatini tōna hanganga. Hoki te mātauranga mahere whenua o te pokapū karere io te maua e te roro, me te ua. E ngā te whakapau i enei muka motuhake ki te piringa. Ko tōna mahi ko te pūhui o te pūnaha io pokapū ki te uaua te kopa, repe me whēkau o te tikanga.

Na roto i te pūtahuri i te puka o ngā pūtau motuhake (receptors) he faaiteraa wātea katoa tangata o te taiao (i roto i te puka o te tae, reka, kakara, a na i runga i.). E whakamaoritia ēnei ngātere ki te reo e kua kite te muka karere rite huringa i roto i te tukanga hiko matū ranei.

poapoa atu mō te mātiti io piringa tukua i roto i te CNS, te wahi e lau, ka meinga whakautu i roto i te puka o te raupapa o whakahau e kua tonoa i roto i te tikanga ano ki te tinana ki te mahi (uaua me repe).

mātauranga mahere whenua o te kātua

Ko te pene tino matatini me te whakaemi i roto i te pūtaiao o te whakaritenga o whēkau, me te tahi atu āhuatanga hanganga o te tinana tangata, ko te whakamārama o te okotahi o tona wahi, kaki, me te upoko.

Ko te wahi o runga o te tinana he i runga i tona mata rohe kakari jugular me clavicles, me te taiepa pouaka Kei te kōhao kopakia ana i roto i te takotoranga paruru. Fascia ararewa, tae atu, me uaua ōrite e wehe tenei rohe o te tinana i te puku. Ko reira te tapahanga o te ãpoko, i te mea te huinga o te whaturei, 12 o wheua, me te tuarā takirua.

ka karanga okana tinana matatini me ngā hanganga kikokiko i roto i te rohe i te mediastinum, kua wehea nei ki ngā wāhanga i runga, me te raro i roto i te pokanga kāinga.

Ko te wāhi kei raro nei, tuku ki rite te kōhao puku. Kei a ia ko te tuku:

• o runga (aka HWM);
• waho;
• taha (whanui potaea muka uaua);
• hoki (mekameka wheua tuaiwi);
• raro (wāhanga iliac rohe o nga papatoiake me te HWM).

whēkau nekehanga Anatomy

I roto i te rohe o te ngā topito āhuawhatunga runga:

• wheua kōhiwi (āhei, scapula, pokohiwi, toropā, ulnar, me ētahi atu);
• muka uaua (whitiki pokohiwi, te pokohiwi, kikowhiti, ringa);
• kiri.

He momo o nekehanga o te ringa tangata i meinga e te hanganga motuhake o te hononga me te tikanga motuhake o honotanga ratou ki te uaua. He tūranga nui i roto i tenei, a ka nui ano hoki he hononga kōhiwi pūāhua o te whitiki pokohiwi ki te tinana. Uaua kia ake maha ngā paparanga, kopikopiko i te mata - ki te hohonu.

Skeleton tautoko rara ngā papatoiake , me te wahi noa (femoral takirua, popoki, tibia me te waewae). wheua papatoiake ngā te whitiki o te e alangá raro ngā o tore, Illium, ischium me. I roto i te taha ki te sacrum me te wheua iwi timu, ko ratou he pūtake mo te papatoiake.

mutunga

anatomy matawhenua mahi he maha o ngā mahi tino, e ngā whakaahuatanga o te wāhi tangohia o nga tinana, noho e rua i roto i te vivo, me i roto i ngā āhuatanga pathological. Ko te kōrero, ko te hua o tenei pūtaiao, e whānui me te mātātoa whakamahia i roto i te tātaritanga o mate, maimoatanga, me tino nui - i roto i te pokanga.