He aha te mea te tukanga tuhituhi

Ko te wā "tukanga tuhituhi" kia whakamōhio tauhou ki tona whakamāramatanga o te tangata i roto i te hiamoe. No te mea ehara i te mea mārama he aha te tukanga, ko te, he aha kua huaina, he aha kua whai wāhi a reira ko te mea ahua o ture. I roto i tenei tuhinga, ka tātari matou i roto i te taipitopito tenei ariā. Kei te hoatu ngā whakarongo ki tukanga tuhi o nga rau tau 19 me te 20.

He aha te mea te tukanga tuhituhi?

E pā ana tēnei ariā ki:

• ora auaha i roto i te fakakātoa 'o' nga meka me tītohunga o te whenua ngā i roto i te wā ngā;
• whanaketanga tuhituhi i roto i te tikanga ao, tae atu ki ngā tau katoa, ahurea me whenua.

A, no te whakamahi i te wā i roto i te tikanga tuarua maha whakamahi i te wā "tukanga hītori-tuhi".

I roto i te whānui, whakaahua ana te ariā te huringa hītori o te ao, me te tuhinga motu, e whanake, te taniwha taunekeneke ki a rātou anō.

I roto i te akoranga o te ako i tenei tukanga kairangahau whakaoti maha ngā wero, i roto i nei te tetahi matua ko te whakawhitinga o ngā momo whiti,, whakaaro, nekehanga me ngā i roto i ētahi atu.

kaituhi mana

Ko te tukanga tuhituhi me kaituhi ngā nei ratou tikanga toi hou, me ngā ki te reo, me te ahua o te huringa huarahi ki te whakaahuatanga o te ao, me te tangata. Heoi, e kore ko ratou kitenga i nga kaituhi hanga i te wahanga, no te mea ratou ka whakawhirinaki ki runga ki te wheako o ratou matua, e noho i roto i tona whenua, me te ki waho. E ko, whakamahi te kaituhi tata katoa te wheako toi o te taata nei. Mai i tenei e taea e tatou e faaoti e te vai nei te he pakanga o ngā whakaaro tawhito me hou toi, me kua hoatu nga kaupapa tuhituhi hou ona mau parau tumu auaha, e, e hāngai ana i runga i te whakarerenga iho, ano ratou wero.

Evolution o tohutohu me momo

tukanga Literary te kupu whai wāhi kukuwhatanga o momo. Ko te kupu, i roto i te rau tau 17 karangatia kaituhi French hei utu o te Baroque, pōwhiri kaitito willfulness me Playwrights, te mau parau tumu matarohia, e titau tautukunga ki ture pākaha. Heoi, kua i roto i te rau tau 19 i reira ko romance, i paopao nga tikanga katoa a karangatia te haere noa o te toi. Talena puta ka peia atu romanticism tuakiri me hoatu mua ratou titauraa ki te mahi. Na te huringa o ēnei wāhanga - hei wāhanga o te tukanga tuhituhi, me te te take he aha puta ratou, me kaituhi mahi i roto ia ratou.

Kaua e wareware e pā ana ki te momo. Ko te kupu, kua ite te pūrākau, te momo nui me tino rongonui, neke atu i te kotahi huringa o ngā toi, me te ngā. A i whakarerekētia ai i roto i tau katoa. Hei tauira, he tauira pirimia o te pūrākau o te Renaissance - "Don Kuisito" - rawa rerekē i te "Robinson Crusoe", tuhituhia i roto i te Māmá, me e rua e Nä ki te mahi a O. de Balzac, Victor Hugo, Charles Dickens.

tuhinga Russian o te rau tau 19

tukanga Literary 19. Ko te pikitia, kaua matatini. I tenei wa, ko te whanaketanga o te talena tino. A māngai o tenei au ko N. V. Gogol, A. S. Pushkin, I. S. Turgenev, Ivan Goncharov, F. M. Dostoevsky ko A. P. Chehov. Ka rite ki a koutou e taea te kite, ko te tino rerekē te mahi o enei kaituhi, Heoi, no ratou katoa ki te rere taua. I roto i tenei ako o tuhituhinga i roto i tenei whakaaro, korero ia e kore anake o individuality toi o kaituhi, engari ano hoki nga huringa o te talena me te tikanga o mahara ki te ao, me te tangata.

I roto i te tīmatanga o te romanticism rau tau 19 whakakapi e te "kura taiao", i te mea i roto i te waenganui o te rau tau kua timata ki te kia mohio a rite te tahi mea e ārai te whanaketanga atu o te tuhinga. Kei te tīmata F. Dostoevsky ko Tolositoi ki te tāpiri nui psychologism faufaa i roto i ana mahi. Ko he atamira hou i roto i te whanaketanga o te talena i roto i Russian, me te "kura māori" tawhito. Heoi, e kore e tenei tikanga e mutu tikanga o mua o te rere mā te whakamahi i. I te anga ke, te hou kaupapa tuhituhi roto i te tawhito, wāhanga mahue i te reira i roto i tona ahua reira, kei te wāhanga whakarerekē. Otiia e kore e wareware e pā ana ki te mana o te tuhinga ke i roto i Russian, me te, rokohanga, tuhinga Russian hoki tāwāhi.

tuhinga Western o te rau tau 19

tukanga Literary o te rau tau 19 i roto i Europe ngā rua ngā wāhi matua - romanticism me te talena. Kua riro e rua o ratou he whakaata o nga ngā hītori o tenei wā. A haamana'o e, i tenei wa i reira ko te revolution ahumahi, te whakatuwhera wheketere, hanga pereoo, me te pera atu. I te wa ano, i reira ko te French Revolution, i arahina ki te whakatikanga ake, me te puta noa Europe. Enei whanaketanga, o te akoranga, kitea i roto i te tuhinga, ko reira tino he tūranga rerekē: rapu Romanticism ki mawhiti i mooni, me te waihanga i tētahi ao tino; talena - ki te tātari te mea kei te tupu, me te ngana ki te huri i te mooni.

āta, Romanticism i puta i roto i te mutunga o te rau tau 18 hoko tawhitotia i te waenganui o te rau tau 19. Ko talena, e puta anake i roto i te tīmatanga o te rau tau 19 ki te mutunga o te rau tau kei te whiwhi whakauka. aronga kiko e haere mai i roto o te talena me ta iho i roto i pā ana ki 30-40 tau.

He tika ki tona takotoranga pāpori, kua oti nei te ui e te hapori i te wa talena rongonui.

Literature o te rau tau 20 Russia

tukanga Literary 20. Ko reira tino matatini, kaha, me te rangirua, rawa hoki Russia. Ko tenei tika, matua, ki te tuhinga emigre. tonu kaituhi e kua peia i to ratou whenua tupu i muri i te revolution 1917, ki te tuhituhi ki waho, haere tonu i te ngā tikanga tuhituhi o te mua. Ko te aha te mea e tupu i roto i Russia? Here he momo paipōro o ngā me hinaaro, ka karanga Silver Age, panaia Tīngongo ki te talena hapori pera-ka karanga. Na whakamātau katoa ki te neke atu i te kaituhi ia kurua repressed. Otiia, i te mahi hanga, engari e kore e whakaputaina. I roto i enei kaituhi - Akhmatova, Zoshchenko, i muri mai kaituhi te raveraa ra -. Alexander Solzhenitsyn, Benedict Erofeev, etc. ia o enei kaituhi tonu te whakarerenga iho tuhituhi o te tīmatanga o te rau tau 20, i mua i te taenga mai o te talena hapori. Ko te mea tino ngā i roto i tenei whakaaro, ko te mahi o "Moscow - Petushki" i tuhituhia e V. Yerofeyev i 1970, ka whakaputaina i roto i te Te Hau-ā-uru. Tenei maau - tetahi o nga tauira tuatahi o te tuhinga Aohou.

Tae noa te mutunga o te Soviet Union tata kahore hua tāngia, e kore e pā ana ki te talena pāpori. Heoi, i muri i te tiango o te kaha haamata te reira whakaputa pukapuka mooni ata. I whakaputaina e katoa e i te tuhituhi i roto i te rau tau 20, engari i riria mai ai. He kaituhi hou e tonu te whakarerenga iho o te tuhinga o te hiriwa Age, te rāhuitia me ke.

tuhinga Western o te rau tau 20

āhuatanga tukanga tuhituhi Western o te rau tau 20 e te hononga tata ki ngā hītori, i ngā nga pakanga tuatahi, me te tuarua ao. Ēnei ngā nui miharo Europe.

I roto i te tuhinga o te rau tau 20 i reira e rua ngā wāhi matua - Modernism me te postmodernism (70 tau i reira). Ko te rōpū tuatahi ngā taua existentialism nāianei, expressionism, surrealism. A, no te tenei Modernism ko tino mārama me inarā whakawhanakehia i roto i te hawhe tuatahi o te rau tau 20, ka āta hoatu whenua ki postmodernism.

mutunga

Ko te kupu, ko te tukanga tuhituhi - te huinga o ngā, tohutohu, me mahi i kaituhi o ngā hītori roto ratou whanaketanga. Takotoranga ina ko e pā ana ki tuhituhinga hanga reira taea ki te matau he aha te ahua o ture vai te reira me ngā pānga ki tona kukuwhatanga. Ka taea te huaina te timatanga o te tukanga tuhituhi te hua tuatahi i hanga e te taata nei, a ka tae mai i te mutunga o reira anake ka mutu tatou i ki te tīariari.