Hoahoanga kāhua Byzantine i roto i Russia

e kore e taea te piriponotanga auraa Historical me ahurea o Byzantium. Ka taea te kitea te kainga tupu Byzantine Russian e rua i roto i te āhuatanga wairua, me te rauemi o te ora. Ko te pāhekoheko o ngā ahurea ora e rave rahi ngā wāhanga, a tae noa i roto i te ahurea hou, me te hoahoanga whai tohu o tenei mana. I roto i ngā ao, ko te ahurea Russian te mono matua me te continuer o ngā kōrero tuku iho me kēnana wairua o te Byzantine Empire.

Ko te takenga mai o te kāhua Byzantine

Ko te tiango o te Patireia o Roma i roto i 395 AD arahina ki te putanga o te Empire hou, i muri i huaina Byzantium. Kei te whakaaro te reira ki te hei i te whai o nga iho onamata, ahurea me te whakaaro nui. whakatika kāhua Byzantine rite ki te hua o te kukū o te tikanga hoahoanga ngā. Ko te kaihanga o te āhua hou whakaturia tonu ratou te mahi ki te whiua whakatutukitanga Roma. Na reira, fakanatula riro te pai kua e kua whakaaro e nga Roma, ka Kariki, te hanga masterpieces hou, tangohia te wero o nga wa, me te kitea whakaaro hou me rongoā whakamahere katoa.

ka mau Hanganga o te ahurea Byzantine wahi e kore anake i runga i te uri me te whakapai ake o te wheako Greco-Roma tawhito, engari ano hoki e tika ana ki te mana ā-rāwhiti kaha, kitea nei i roto i te hiahia mo te papai, tauine, embellishment.

Nā ki te meka i roto i Constantinople, e mutu ai te peka rawhiti o Karaitiana, ka hiahia hahi hou te whenua. Hoki te Māoritanga hou titau hoki ona ake taiao. E faatiti'aifarohia e nga toi pai o te ao, e te hipi ki Constantinople me te hanga mahi ahurei, e e hoko i te karakia, ahurea, tūmatanui, me te hoahoanga kēnana hou ēnei raruraru.

Āhuatanga o te kāhua Byzantine

Ko te kaihanga o Constantinople i ki whakaoti te maha o ngā raruraru hanganga nui, e te nuinga puta i roto i te hoahoanga hahi. Cathedral o te Ekalesia Siu ko ki te hanga i te mana'o puai i ni'ai te kaimātaki ki tona tauine, me te kororia, e pā ana te whare tapu i ki te rangatiratanga o te Atua, me te, na reira, e hiahiatia ana te kaihoahoa tikanga hou o whakapuaki, te rapu hoki i i mahi ratou. e kore hoki te pūtake o te mahere hahi Byzantine ko tangohia whare karakia Kariki i, me te Basilica Roma. i hanga e nga taiepa o paparanga pereki ki otinga hononga nui. arahina tenei ki te hanganga o te āhuatanga motuhake o te whare Byzantine - anga pereki kohatu ranei whare o tae pouri me te marama. Huri noa i te paruru maha noho kauhanga o tīwae ki kete-pane.

e pā ana te kāhua Byzantine te ki te momo o te whare karakia ripeka-domed. whakahaere te kaihoahoa ki te kitea te otinga ohie ki te pūhui o te kikorangi a tawhio me te turanga tapawha, na reira i "rere", i hanga te tikanga o te wholeness tahi. Whāiti te matapihi ki te tihi porotaka, whakanohoia ki runga ki te rua, e toru i muri mai ranei, - he hoki he tohu nui o whare Byzantine.

Kua tonu kua nui atu tano atu i te roto whare tukatuka waho - ko tetahi āhuatanga o te whare Byzantine tenei. Ko te mau parau tumu o te hoahoa roto ko te whakamahine, momonatanga me te huatau, kua whakamahia ratou mo tino utu, rauemi faahiahia e hanga he ongo kaha i runga i te iwi.

mana Byzantine i runga i te hoahoanga wharekarakia

I roto i te anotau Middle horapa te mana o Byzantium ki nga whenua katoa o Europe, ko reira te tōrangapū, ōhanga, me te wairua. ka tahuri te kāhua Byzantine o te hoahoanga o te Middle i ki te waiho i te rauemi kaha mō whakahōunga. Italy piki ka mohio innovations hoahoanga Byzantine: he momo hou o tikanga hahi, me te mosaic. Ko te kupu, nga hahi wharekarakia o Ravenna, i runga i te motu o Torcello, ka Palermo nga tohu o te mana Byzantine.

I muri mai, wherahia ana te ia ki ētahi atu whenua. Na, ko te whare karakia i roto Aachen i Germany ko te tauira o te mana Byzantine i te marama o te rangatira Itari. Heoi, i te mana kaha tino o Byzantium i aua whenua e kua whāngai Ofotokisií: Bulgaria, Serbia, Armenia me Ancient Russia. Here i reira ko te kōrero tūturu ahurea me te utu, e hua i roto i te ao hou, nui o nga iho hoahoanga ngā.

mana Byzantine i runga i te hoahoanga o Russia tahito

Te tangata e matau te kōrero e pā ana ki te pehea i ohorere te tuku Russian ki te haere ki Roma me Constantinople i roto i te rapu o te haapa'oraa e tika ana i te ataahua o Hagia Sophia, me e faaoti te hua o te take. Mai taua wa nga whakarerenga iho whakawhitinga kaha, tuhinga, tikanga i runga i te whenua Russian. He āhuatanga nui i roto i tenei tukanga ko hahi hoahoanga, e kaha anga ki te whakawhanake i roto i te puka hou. puta tika kāhua Byzantine i te hoahoanga o te mau hiero ki te meka e haere mai nga rangatira kapa katoa ki Ancient Russia ki te hanga cathedrals, pūkenga whakawhiti me te hanga i te whakapakoko hou o te whenua. Ano tae mai te rota o kaihoahoa Constantinople, ako nga tinihanga me tinihanga o te whare.

rangatira Russian i te rau tau 10, e kore anake ki te tango i te whakarerenga iho Byzantine, engari ano hoki haafaufaa ratou, ngā rongoā, me nga wahi e tika ana o te hahi rohe. Rus Traditional temepara Byzantine ripeka-domed riro atu temepara me ara mo te kaha nui. Hei waihanga i tētahi whare kāhua hou puta wāhi e pā ana mahi: ahumahi o pereki, e maka ana pere, ata - katoa o tenei he pakiaka Byzantine, engari tukatuka e kaimahi Russian i roto i te wairua o te toi motu. He tauira pirimia o taua tukatuka he whakaaro nui Cathedral Atua i roto i Kiev, i reira riro te āhua temepara Byzantine atu me rima-manuao hanga ake ara, me te rima upoko 12 e kō e tetahi domes iti.

tauira te hiero Byzantine

Ko te kāhua Byzantine o hoahoanga, rawa e whakaaro tatou, e hāngai ana i runga i te tahora auaha o te temepara. whanau ona āhuatanga i i hiahia pono utilitarian: whakanui i te wāhi temepara, he hononga ohie o te kikorangi me te turanga, rawaka marama. Kua arahina tenei katoa ki te mea kua hanga e te momo motuhake o te hanga, i muri ke te hoahoanga whare katoa i roto i te ao. kua he turanga tapawha tapawhā ranei hanganga ripeka-kikorangi Traditional te hiero Byzantine. Hoki te wahi pokapū o te Apse me te taiwhanga pātata. Ko te hua i roto i te rōrahi kua arahina ki te putanga i roto i te tautoko atu i roto i te puka o tīwae, i wehea e ratou ki roto ki toru titoko o karakia. Nuinga o ngā wā, he upoko kotahi, nui iti 5 Windows me haurangi ngā 2-3 i raro i te kikorangi noa te whare matarohia.

Āhuatanga i roto i te hoahoanga hahi kāhua Byzantine Russian

ko nga whare tuatahi o nga mau hiero hou o te Ekalesia i roto i te iho Russian, kihai i taea e nga Kariki pā ratou, mai hanga ratou mau hiero o te pereki me te kohatu ratou. Na reira, ko te auaha tuatahi - he tokomaha-upoko, e e te kaha whakatinana i roto i te rongoā hoahoanga. Ko te hahi kohatu tuatahi i roto i Russia puta i te mutunga o te rau tau 9 me te kua he hanganga ripeka-domed. Ki tenei ra kihai i ora te temepara, pera ki te korero o taea tona pū. Hoki te hahi i roto i Russia i nui rawa nui, na i akina atu ara nga kaihoahoa tuatahi ki te mahi ki te raruraru o te whakanui ake i te wāhi ā-o te temepara, hanga tāpiritanga atu tamărû me taiwhanga.

I teie mahana te kāhua Byzantine i Russia, whakaahua o whare e taea te kite i roto i tohi fakahinohinó maha, e māngai e rave rahi rohe nui. Kei te hanga te reira i roto i Kiev, Chernigov, rohe Novgorod, Pechora, Vladimir, Pskov. He maha nga whare i e whai kitea āhuatanga Byzantine, engari he whare motuhake ki ahurei rongoā hoahoanga. ngā te rongonui tino Saint Sophia Cathedral i Novgorod Faahuru Cathedral i Chernigov, Nereditsa Ekalesia, Trinity Ekalesia i roto i Pechersk ohu whakapono.

kāhua Byzantine i roto i te hoahoanga Pākehā

vai State Byzantium mo neke atu i te 10 tenetere, e kore i taea e kore ki te waiho tona tohu i roto i te aamu o te ao nei. I roto i te hoahoanga o Ūropi me te i ēnei rā e taea te kite tatou i te āhuatanga kitea o te tupu Byzantine. taonga te nuinga i roto i te tarahuraa, me te haere tonutanga i roto i te Anotau, ina e ohi kaihoahoa whakaaro auaha o hoa, ka hanga i te mau hiero, no te tauira, i roto i Itari, i ko te nuinga farii ki te mana Byzantine. Ko te mana kaha o te Venetian Republic i toi nei haere mai i Byzantium, me te maha nui o tao'ao, kawea konei i muri i te hopu o Constantinople. Ahakoa te karakia o San Marco i Venice ngā maha tohu Byzantine me ngā kaupapa.

No tūranga iti nui takaro e te hoahoanga Byzantine me te Renaissance. Ka whiwhi whānui te momo pule pokapū-domed o hanga, kua tae mai nei i tenei whenua,. Āhuatanga o hahi Byzantine taea te kitea i roto i ngā whare karakia e kore e anake, engari ano hoki i roto i ngā whare fakamāmaní. Architects i Brunelleschi ki Bramante ko Andrea Palladio. Ka taea e āta kite tetahi i te huānga me rongoā hua Byzantines i roto i taua whare rongonui rite Basilica o te St Pita i Roma, St. Paora a i London, te Pahiona i Paris.

kāhua Byzantine i roto i te hoahoanga Pākehā rite taua kihai i mahi i roto i, ki te kahore, ki te tango i ki pūkete haratau te whenua o, engari e kitea tonu ngā āhuatanga o te hoahoanga o te pūnaha, e anötia ratou, ka hou, engari ko te reira i te turanga ki runga ki e tupu te hoahoanga Pākehā. riro Byzantium te wahi o te tiaki o ngā tikanga tawhito, e e ka hoki ki a Europa, a ka anga ki te kia kite a e ia kia rite ki o ratou pakiaka hītori.

Hanganga o te kāhua Russian-Byzantine

kāhua Byzantine i roto i te hoahoanga Russian i hanga te rite ki te hua o rau tau o ö me te whakamahine i te whakaaro o kaihoahoa i Constantinople. I hanga te kāhua ki nei kua ōrite fakataha whakaaro rawhiti me te Russian i roto i te waenganui o te rau tau 19. Reira ka tīmata te pua o te hoahoanga, i nei te whakatutukitanga o kaihoahoa Byzantine auaha reworked, whakawhānui me te tono i roto i ngā huarahi hou. Na reira, i te kāhua Byzantine Russian i roto i te rau tau 19 - reira te kore tārua i te whakatutukitanga o Constantinople, me te hanganga o te "e hāngai ana i runga i" te whare, me te whakaurunga nui o ngā whakaaro Russian tūturu.

Periodization o te kāhua Byzantine Russian i roto i te hoahoanga

He aha te tuku ki roto i te ariā o te hoahoanga reira rite "kāhua Byzantine", i hanga i roto i te rau tau pokapū o-19. Ko tōna ideologists me-whakaaro ko te kaihoahoa KA Ton. puta Harbingers o kāhua i te 20 o te rau tau 19, he kitea i roto i whare pērā i te ratou Ekalesia o te Vahehongofulú i Kiev, Aleksandra Nevskogo hahi i roto i te Potsdam.

Ko te wā tuatahi o te hanganga o te kāhua taka i runga i te tau 40 me te 50, ko reira tino kitea i roto i ngā whare AV Gornostaeva me D. Grimm. wā Tuarua - te 60raa, ina ko te wairua o te eclecticism hanganga tino uru humarie āhuatanga Byzantine me Russian. I roto i tenei wā, kei tino kitea i roto i te whare G. G. Gagarina, VA Kosyakova ko EA Borisova kāhua.

70-90 tau - i te matatini wa o kāhua, ahu kaihoahoa ki atu whakapaipai, hanga kōrero raznostilevyh i roto i tona hanganga. I te tahuri o te rau tau 19 me te 20, me te tīmatanga o kāhua Byzantine 20-rau i roto i Russia tīmata ki te kia te tikanga ake noa, haere mai tahi i roto i te wairua o Art Nouveau ki kāhua atu. I roto i nga tau 90 o te rau tau 20 puta kāhua tupurangi-Byzantine, e taea te kite i muri accretions, engari fifili āhuatanga matua.

Reflection o te kāhua Byzantine i roto i te roto

Ka tino kitea i roto i te hoahoa o te whakapaipai roto o ngā whare kāhua Constantinople. Hoki wanihi e i roto i te kāhua Byzantine āhuatanga e te whakapaipai taonga, te whakamahi o ngā rauemi utu: koura, te parahi, te hiriwa, he kohatu utu nui, he rakau utu nui. tohu Bright o te roto i roto i tenei kāhua ko nga mosaic runga i te taiepa, me i te patunga witi.

Reflection o te kāhua Byzantine i roto i te hoahoanga Russian o te rau tau 19

Te wā e kānapanapa i hoahoanga, e hāngai ana i runga i nga whakarerenga iho o Constantinople, kei roto i te waenganui o te rau tau 19. I tenei wa riro te hoahoanga kāhua Byzantine o St Petersburg te ariki. Ko te tauira marama hoki o ngā whare i roto i tenei kāhua ko te Ekalesia o te aroha Mother o te Atua i roto i te hoehoea Harbour (Kosyakova me Prussians), hahi Kariki Dmitriya Solunskogo (R. I. Kuzmina), Hokohoko Whare Stoll me Schmidt (W. Schroeter). I roto i te Moscow, reira te, o te akoranga, hanga Ton: te Karaiti te Kaiwhakaora Cathedral, te Grand Kremlin Palace.

tohu Byzantine i roto i te hoahoanga o te rau tau 20

Ko te wā pou-Soviet, me ona toe fakafoki mai o te keresetiano arahina ki te meka e te kāhua Byzantine i roto i te hoahoanga o Russia kotahi ano riro hāngai. He e hanga i roto i te kāhua Byzantine Russian i roto i maha nga pa Russian. He tauira a Tūrongo, ko te Ekalesia i runga i te Toto i roto i Honor o Feia Mo'a katoa wai i whiti mai i roto i te Whenua Russian i roto i Yekaterinburg e Carlo Eparaima.

I te tahuri o 20-21 tenetere i hanga te pera-ka karanga "kāhua tuarua Russian-Byzantine," e puta i roto i te whare karakia hou. Ka taea te pēnei ia cathedrals pērā i Panteleimon hahi i roto i Izhevsk, Ekalesia o te Aloí i Omsk, Ekalesia o te Aloí i Moscow me whare maha puta noa i te whenua. Tenei kōrero e ngoto hohonu te whakaaro o Byzantium ki te ahurea Russian me he rāua i reira i teie mahana.

whare Modern i roto i te kāhua Byzantine

kaihoahoa Modern, rawa i roto i te hoahoanga hahi, a ano hoki ki nga whakarerenga iho a Constantinople rite te puna o rongoā tuku iho. tino heria ratou kia whakatau tango ki pūkete te hangarau hou, engari te wairua o Byzantium ite ratou. Ko reira haumaru ki te mea i taua i teie mahana, ko te ora hoahoanga kāhua Byzantine i Russia. Tauira o tenei e taea te kitea i roto i nga pa maha o te whenua: te Ekalesia o te Women Tapu maira-◊Oku hanga i roto i St. Petersburg, St. Nicholas Ekalesia i roto i Nadym, herapima Ekalesia i roto i Moore me ētahi atu.