Hoki ngā pūtau kitakita āhuatanga e te aroaro o te aha? Rawa te hanganga me te mahi o te pūtau kitakita

I tua atu ki te 5 kingitanga o natura, i reira e rua superkingdom: prokaryotes me eukaryotes. Na reira, ki te whakaaro tatou ki te tūranga taxonomic o huakita, ka waiho i te reira e whai ake:

1. Cell Empire.
2. Superkingdom Nuclear-free.
3. Ko te rangatiratanga o te prokaryotes.
4. huakita Subkingdom.

He aha kėia enei kaiao taxon motuhake? Ko te mea, ko te e kua āhuatanga pūtau kitakita i te aroaro o te tahi mau āhuatanga e tangohia he ōhakitia runga i tona kaha ki te ora, me te taunekeneke ki ētahi atu mea, me te tangata.

Ko te huranga o huakita

Ko te kitea o te pūtau kitakita i anake ki te whanaketanga o te hangarau. Tüturu, me te tenenga i roto i 1695 godu karu whakamana whakanuia 300 wā. I meatia tenei e Italian Antonio Van Leeuwenhoek. titiro te pūtaiao i ona pata tenenga o te wai paru, ka kite i ratou tika ngoki ki microorganisms. huaina e ia ratou animalkuli.

Kua tohu Indubitable o ratou oraraa, me te whai wāhitanga tika i roto i te whanaketanga o te tini o nga mate i roto i te tangata, kua meinga whakawhetai ki te ngā Lui Pastera.

I muri i tenei kitea, kua oti tāutuhia, ka ako maha tukumate. Whanaketanga mikrobilogii (te pūtaiao o te moroiti-kaiao) haere kaupae kaha mua.

Tüturu reira, he aha ngā āhuatanga o te hanganga o te pūtau kitakita, ratou momo me te āhua, uara, me te āhua Akoranga wāhanga o te koiora - bacteriology. I tēnei wā, kei te tata fakafekau'aki reira ki atu ihi: koiora hauora, koiora rāpoi, me te mataora, biophysics, koiora wāhi me ētahi atu.

Āhua o ngā pūtau kitakita

Ko te hunga e rave rahi.

1. hanganga flare coccoid ranei. Wehea ki:

• micrococci - māngai iti rawa, mokemoke;
• diplokokki - te kuhimua "di" tikanga "e rua" (e ko, te huakita kohia i roto i takirua);
• tetrakokki - kaiao puka chetyrehstrukturnye;
• streptococcus - porohita koroni huakita kohia i roto i te mekameka kotahi;
• sartsiny - puka rite te mōkihi o 8, 12 ranei 16 hanganga;
• staphylococci - he koroni o huakita i roto i te puka o te paihere o karepe.

2. Bacillus, huakita tokotoko-āhua ranei. rerekē ratou rite ki te maha o paearu.

• āhua: tika, me te he;
• i te rahi: iti, reo nui ranei;
• āhua hanganga kāpeka: tuhu, häunga, tapatapahi, thickened;
• na roto i te whakarōpū me te wāhi: kotahi, diplobatsilly, streptobakterii.

3. Crimped. A faaite i runga i:

• vibrio - paku niao ki roto i te porowhita;
• spirilla - āhuatanga e moni rerekē o curls.

4. spirochetes. A faaite i runga i:

• leptospira - āhua S;
• Borrelia - 12 curls i te hanganga;
• Treponema - i 12 ki te 17 curls iti-rahi.

Oia mau, hoki te pūtau kitakita āhuatanga e te aroaro o ngā momo ki te urutau ki tetahi tikanga taiao.

Āhuatanga o te whakahaere hanganga

e kore e Bacteria i roto i te noa ki te wehe i te kingitanga o te natura. i kitea nga tangata ki te hei i te ngako i roto, whakawakia nga huarahi me ngā tukanga o te ora. Na reira, ka reira mārama e reira e te tahi mau āhuatanga o te hanganga pūtau kitakita.

He maha ngā wāhanga nui e kua hiahiatia hoki melo tata'itahi o tenei rangatiratanga.

1. Ko te aroaro o te membrane wē āhua-permeable.
2. Ko te wai ā-reo - cytoplasm, i roto i nei i reira he rauemi ira me ribosomes.

hoki ngā pūtau kitakita āhuatanga e te aroaro me ngā hanganga kōwhiringa hoki. Ko te hunga i:

• taiepa pūtau;
• microcapsule;
• whakauru;
• inu;
• capsule;
• tautohetohe;
• flagella;
• hūpē pericellular.

Kia whai whakaaro ano tatou i roto i te kōrero atu, he aha e nga āhuatanga o te hanganga pūtau kitakita.

hanganga pūtau

Waho ia huakita hipoki membrane cytoplasmic. Tenei hanganga Ko te whakahaere phospholipid-pūmua toru-apa. Tino rite i roto i to ratou hanganga me te hanganga o te membrane pūtau kararehe. A, no te tirohia i roto i te karu kitea mumura mārama runga me raro kahu ngā o phospholipids. Waenganui - pūmua e au ra ia tomo i te membrane katoa, na he wāhi.

Ko te mahi matua o te membrane cytoplasmic - semipermeable me, rite te putanga, te waka whiriwhiri o matū ki te pūtau me i o reira. Hoki ko reira he arai, whakarato te taumata noa o kaha osmotic, me turgor pūtau (te āhua tinana).

Hoki ngā pūtau kitakita āhuatanga e te aroaro o te cytoplasm - he reo ā-āhua-wai, e he āhuatanga nui. hoatu te tōna hanganga:

• pūmua;
• polysaccharides;
• granules glycogen;
• beta-butyric waikawa;
• volutin.

aro takitahi, organelles pūtau, rumakina i roto i te cytoplasm.

Ribosomes me nucleoid

Ka rite ki i roto i tetahi pūtau eukaryotic, i roto i te kitakita kua tona taputapu ira. Ko te pōkai Tuitui Kikī i roto i te rāpoi ngota pītauira rua-paea e he pūira kotahi. e kore e wehea tenei hanganga i te karyotheca cytoplasm me reira e kore te karangatia e te karihi, me te nucleoid.

He atu rauemi ira, marara i roto i te cytoplasm ko te hanganga i huaina he plasmid. Ko ratou he rāpoi ngota pītauira porohita, na reira te mahi riro mahi atu pūtau kitakita.

Ribosomes - te hanganga iti rawa i roto i tau nui marara puta noa te cytoplasm. te aroaro o ratou natura te rāpoi ngota RNA. Enei granules he pikitia e ai ki te whakatau i te tohu o te momo motuhake hononga, me te tūranga nahanaha huakita. Ratou mahi - te whakaminenga o ngā rāpoi ngota pūmua.

capsule

Hoki ngā pūtau kitakita āhuatanga e te aroaro o kiriuhi mucous paruru, te hanganga o nei ko polysaccharides fakapapau'i polypeptides ranei. E huaina taua hanganga capsules. Wehewehe i waenganui i ha'iha'i me macrocapsules. kihai i hanga tēnei hanganga i roto i ngā momo katoa, engari te nuinga, e kore te mea whakahauanga e.

E tiaki te capsule i te pūtau kitakita? Phagocytosis i paturopi ope, ki te huakita pathogenic. i whakamaroke me te te rongo ki matū kino ranei, ki te kōrero tatou e pā ana ki ētahi atu momo.

Hūpē me te whakauru

Hoki huakita hanganga kōwhiringa. Hūpē, glycocalyx ranei, i runga i te pūtake o te matū ko te hukarau mucoid. Ka taea te hanga e te reira i roto i nga pūtau, me whākōkī waho. Tino wairewa i roto i te wai. Taumu'a: te tāpiritanga o te huakita ki te tïpako - adhesion.

Inclusions - he moroiti-granules i te cytoplasm o te natura matū rerekē. ai enei hei pūmua, waikawa amino, waikawa karihi polysaccharides ranei.

kaupapa organelles

E whakakitea ana hoki Āhuatanga o te pūtau kitakita i roto i tona nekehanga. Hoki tenei flagella e hakari, e taea e i roto i te maha rerekē (i tetahi ki ehia rau ia pūtau e rave rahi). Ko te pūtake o ia pihi - te flagellin pūmua. Nā ki te motu rapa me nekehanga naki i taha ki te taha i te huakita taea te neke i roto i te wāhi. Kei te piri pihi ki te membrane wē. kia hoki rerekē Wāhi i roto i ngā momo rerekē.

Pili

Ahakoa te kikokore atu i flagella, te hanganga wāhi i roto i:

• Kei te piri ki te tïpako;
• kai wai-tote;
• whakaputa uri tōkai.

Ngā o te pūmua pilin, kia kia ratou tokomaha ki runga ki te maha rau ia pūtau.

Ko te faitatau ki te pūtau tipu

Huakita me te pūtau tipu i tetahi ritenga motuhake - te aroaro o te taiepa pūtau. Heoi, ki te mea te otaota he mâro-reira e i roto i huakita kore e kitea i roto i ngā momo katoa, e pā ana e ki ngā hanganga faufaa.

Ko te hanganga matū o te taiepa pūtau kitakita:

• murein peptidoglycan;
• polysaccharides;
• lipids;
• pūmua.

Tikanga, tenei hanga he apa rua: waho, me te roto. mahi te taua rite te mahi te taiepa pūtau o ngā tipu. E tautoko ana i a faataa i te āhua tinana tamau, me te whakarato tiaki aunoa.

hanganga spore

He aha te mea te hanganga o te pūtau kitakita, te uiui tatou i roto i te taipitopito. tonu te reira anake ki te whakahua e taea te huakita ora tikanga kino mo te wa roa, kahore ngaro noho tuwhera tonu.

angitu ratou na roto i te hanga i te hanganga i huaina te tautohe. He kahore ki te mahi ki te uri me anake tiaki nga huakita i ngā āhuatanga kino. Ko te āhua o te pua e taea e rerekē. A, no te whakaora i tīmataria tautohe noa tikanga whakahaere, me te tupu ki huakita kaha.