Hua Reipa - te tātai tātaitanga. Toharite hua mahi, te tātai

Reipa hua ko te paearu ao mō te characterizing te whai huatanga o ngā utu mahi i roto i te hanga o taonga. Ko tōna rehe i rua ngā wāhi o tona whakamahi rite te taputapu mo: tūmataiti - e pā ana ki kaimahi takitahi production, toa, hinonga, me te tūmatanui e pā ana ki te rohe, whenua rōpū ranei o whenua.

kia mohio te reira e tenei ahua, ko te tohu ōhanga tino whai hua e whakaatu te paearu taketake mo te tōtika o te hanga, whakatau, hei tauira, i roto i te take ngā, me pehea ka meinga nui hua mahi ia te tangata-haora (i roto i tenei ara, ko reira te paearu o te taumata o te production pāpori ko te āhuatanga ōhanga - hua ).

Ko te tātai mō te tātai i te reira te vai i roto i te maha putanga, i roto i ngā huarahi rerekē tango ki pūkete te ngā āhuatanga e pā production. Na he rota o ratou. Ki te kōrero tatou e pā ana ki te whanaketanga o te hinonga, ka kia taua āhuatanga tona aunoatanga me te whakapai ake i te kounga hua, whakaiti utu me ngā rauemi, otinga logistics auaha, me te pai pūngao, tāke arotautanga, me te te whakapai ake o te hanganga whakapaipai.

Ko te ōhanga Russian i roto i te pūnaha o te hua International Reipa

Ko te taumata o te mahi ora i roto i te hanga o te rauemi taonga faaite te processability o production pāpori. Tenei ahua, ko te paearu nui mō te pūmanawa ōhanga te whenua o. Russia i runga i tenei tohu ko te rangatira i roto i nga whenua Kihi, e whakaatu ana i tona tupu i 1999 ki te 2011 i te 60%. Heoi, whakaatu tatauranga e kua tenei tupu kua meinga taea e tika ana ki te meka i mua e te ra, i roto i te wā i 1989 ki te 1998. I roto i te whenua pūnahanaha heke hua. Ko te tātai mō te tātai ona dynamics, haaputuhia e te Bank World whakakitea e runga i te tekau tau o mua whakahaere nga mua ki tino whakapai ake i te whakataetae o te ōhanga. I roto i te 2010, mahi hua i roto i te ōhanga Russian moni ki 43% o te taumata o whenua whakawhanakehia i roto i te Organization mo Economic mahi tahi me te Whanaketanga (e ngā 34 whenua, tae atu i te whenua US, Canada ko EU) me 75% i te whenua tata e kua tomo ki roto i te reira hapori.

aro mātai Historical o nga akiakinga o mahi hua

He tātari ngā o nga akiakinga o hua mahi i roto i te Russia aroaro he PhD, upoko o te Center mō te International Faaauraa Economic Kudrov Valentin Mihaylovich. whakaritea e ia te hua o te Soviet Union me te United States i ngā wā rerekē. whakapono te pūtaiao e raro Khrushchev, ko te ahua hoki te Soviet Union i te taumata o te 35% o te taumata US, me i raro Brezhnev (e te kaha puritia hoki) i peka tino - ki runga ki te 27%. I te wa nei, he hinga te raruraru, tae kotahi ano Russia te taumata o tenei ōwehenga, ara paku e hira rawa "Khrushchev."

E ai ki te tohunga pūtaiao, ki te whakapai ake i te tōtika o te production pāpori ka whakapai ake i te tikanga pāpori, te upooti'araa whitiki o inefficiencies pūnahanaha e pā ana ki:

- hauarea whakahaere o te mahi ;

- kawenga tonu o te kaha production tawhito;

- kaimahi mätou tino;

- ture takarepa mahi mau tamataraa o to tatou wa;

- hangarau tawhitotia;

- tauārai uiui;

- te kore o te hihiri o te kaimahi;

- kaimahi o te mākete rerenga pūtea.

hua mahi kia rite ki te aro o te kaupapa here öhanga hou

tupu atu o mahi hua, kua hono economists ki nui haere manufacturability. ara whānui kotiti. Te mana whakahaere, e mau ana i roto i te whakamahere rautaki o te whanaketanga ōhanga, tino kia aroturuki te tautukunga o nga tohu macroeconomic o GDP me te mahi utu mo tona production. Ko te hiranga o te raruraru o te whakanui ake i te hua o te mahi puta i roto i te whakamahere tūmatanui o ngā mahi. I roto i te 2012, № te ture 596 i hainatia e te Russian te peresideni Vladimir Putin, e te whakamahere i te kaupapa here ōhanga wā roa-tae noa ki 2018. I roto i tenei tuhinga, e korero tatou e pā ana ki te whakanui ake i hua i roto i te ōhanga motu Russian i te hawhe, whakaritea ki te taumata 2011. Hei whakatinana i tenei mahere rite kōrero e te peresideni, ka waiho reira taea i roto i anake te whakatinanatanga o wheako auaha ōhanga hohe. Ano, i roto i nga rāngai matua o te ōhanga e tae i te hua raina kia wha ana hua!

Ko te ngako o te hua i roto i te mahi hua

Ko te raruraru o te whakaiti i te katoa utu whakanao i whakaiti ia ratou i roto i te ōwehenga o te mahi ora ko te faka'ilonga o hangarau hou. I roto i tenei take, e kore e huna te tukanga o te whakanui ake i hua, e hurihia ei reira e te whakanui ake i te rōrahi o te whakaputa i te tiaki i te taumata tiketike o te kounga: te hanga riro tōtika atu. tikanga te whakamutunga e kore anake te hua i roto i tona rōrahi, engari ano hoki he hekenga i roto i utu kōwae; huringa arotautanga o tohanga o taonga; te maximization o te auau o te pai.

I tua atu, me haere tahi te au wā roa-o te whakapai ake i te kounga o te mahi i te hua o tona utu (rite te take whakahihiko i roto i te whakanui ake mahi hanga takitahi o kaimahi). I te taumata whakahaere me tonu kia whakaritea, ka rite ki whakaritea te tōtika o te mahi tangata e ki tona taonga whaiaro. I roto i te hapori whakamua kia nahanaha fakafekau'aki ki te mana pāpori o tona mahi mahi.

hua. Tātai 1 №

Oia mau, kia hāngai te whakahaere o te tukanga o te hua o te mahi hua i runga i te tikanga mō te whakatau me te aromatawai. Mahere ki te whakapai ake i te whakamahi pai o te mahi tangata e unu ki te awhina o rua tohu ake. takoto hua classically te hāngai i runga i te putanga, me te whīwhiwhi. Ka taea te tautuhi Production rite te huawehe whiwhi e wehewehe i te rōrahi o ngā hua hangaia (M) ki te whakapaua hoki tona wa ahumahi, te tatau o te mahi i whakapaua (T) ora (kite EQ. 1).

B = G / T (1)

Ko te matatini - .. te uara kōaro ki te faatura ki te waihanga, arā tohu reira te nui o te wā me whakapau kaimahi mō te hanga hokohoko etahi uara (kite tātai 2.).

W = T / Q (2)

kia hoki kia haamaramarama te reira i e te rōrahi o ngā hua hangaia tātai uara (te nuinga ao noa) māori, āhua mahi-ahua, me te puka.

te nuinga te ahumahi keri e puka tūturu, i roto i te ahumahi marama - ngā taiao. whakamahi tikanga Reipa he tikanga e mau pahure wa whakaritea ki te paerewa.

tātai whanaketanga Te tikanga te wā wa makatuunga, whakaatu i te kaha (chelovekoden, tangata-haora). Heoi, ko reira kitea ai he āwhiwhiwhi, kounga tenei tātai. I muri i te katoa, i roto i te mahi, he mea he mahi nonlinear o hua. Ko te tātai tātaitanga kei te i te iti rawa kia whakawhirinaki i runga i te maha o ngā kaimahi hanga (m. E. Tango ki pūkete te tauine o te whakanao) me te hanga besprostoynosti.

Reipa hua: wa pēhanga whanaketanga whānui

Tino motuhake ko te hononga o te hua, me te kounga hua. I tēnei wā, ko te whakahaere āhua-aunoa o te hanga kaha i roto i te ahumahi Russian. I roto i tenei āhuatanga, te whakapai ake paerewa production ka taniwha arahi ki te hua i roto i te mahi o "mahi ā-ringa." Te tūkunga muri, ki te ngawari, te tikanga o te kore ki te ū ki te mahere, me i te take o te kounga hua e āhei heke.

Pehea ngā taea ake i hua? Ko te tātai tātaitanga ka: whakanui i te roanga o te ra mahi (rānei mā te pāwhiri i runga i te wiki mahi-ono ra). kihai i tino whakanui i moni e tika ana ki te meka e noho tonu nga utu i whakaritea. Heoi, i tenei wā anake arata'i ki tetahi mea - raruraru pāpori, "e kore e nga akomanga o raro e hiahia ana ki te, a kore e taea e te akomanga o runga."

hua Reipa i roto i ngä rängai whakangao-kore o te ōhanga

Te mea anake i roto i te rängai ahumahi kia takoto hua? Te ōhanga US, mo te tauira, whakaatu ana te haafifi i ki te taikaha nui i roto i te wahi GDP o ratonga. Hei tauira, i roto i 2010 te wahi o te US rauemi production i GDP i iti iho i te 20%! No reira riro te reira kitea e te engineering mahi, whakaritea tātaritanga e te tahi atu paearu atu atu i hāngaitanga ki te kaimahi ahumahi. Hoki ratou, ki te tohu tohu mātauranga e hāngai ana te whakamahi i ngā hōtaka motuhake, whai wāhi ki te raraunga tohutoro. Ano, i runga i to ratou mahi awe e te mātau o te whakahaere, me te ruruku o te rōpū mahi.

No nia i te taumata whakahaere nga paearu tino nui ko te matauranga o nga āhuatanga o te hinonga me te wheako whakahaere tukua e wātea ana.

hua. tātai 2

Hoki hāngaitanga nui whakatau hua o te tātai (II) whakaurua i roto i tona mahi hanganga me te tauwehe downtime. Ka Simple kia whakaaro i roto i CRC (ōwehenga mangere), tautuhia rite te ōwehenga o te wa mangere tūturu ki te wa whakahaere katoa. Ka Proizvozvodstvo haumi i roto i "mahi ā-ringa", pau e te kaimahi e whakahuatia i roto i ngā o te T1 - utu takitahi mahi whakaritea ki tetahi mahi, me te B - te maha o ngā kaimahi. Ko te kupu whiwhi matou te rua o nga tātai ki te whakatau i te hua (kite tātai 3.):

P = (G * (1 - CRC)) / (T1 * H) (3)

Heoi, ka rite ki te mea kua kua matou whakahuatia, te ariā matatini, me te kore-rārangi he hua. Ko te tātai o reira, mārama, tei kore anake i runga i te take tangata.

hua tātai tango ki pūkete nga utu

Te āhua i te raruraru uaua o te tikanga mo o haumi i roto i te whakangao - te paearu matua o te whai huatanga o te ōhanga ā-motu. Kei te hāngai te reira i runga i te aromatawai o te mahi hua mā te tātari ona pūkenga. Me arahina te investor i roto i mua ka hua i roto i te huringa hanga o te kamupene i whakaturia e ia te mea utu. Na reira, he mea tika hoki kia reira aromatawai te mea utu e marietia reira mo te 1 RUPO o production. Fakatatau ki ai, ka kia whakawhānui i te tātai i runga i te utu e pā ana ki te wae utu o te hanga tohu: poto-iahiko (whakapaipai whakapaunga); EZ (whakahaere utu); P (utu hanga); MAI (trudooplaty); (Utu me te tāke) H; Etc. (utu puta atu (whakahaere, me ētahi atu).

P = (G * (1 - CRC)) / (W * H * T1) = (G * (1 - CRC)) / ((EZ + RS + R + RT + H + Ap) * T1 * H)

rautaki whakahaere ki te whakapai ake i hua

Whakaaro i raro i ako i roto i te horopaki o te āhuatanga ōhanga o Microeconomics fokotu'u mai he taiao multifactorial. Kei te tika whakaaro te au ārahi o te whanaketanga ahumahi aunoatanga. Ko te kupu, whakaūhia whakamana e kaimahi o te aroturuki me te mana mahi āta whakawhiti ki ngā pūrere motuhake me ngā pūrere aunoa.

He maha kaiwhakahaere pai-mohiotia, tīmata i te ārahitanga o te kamupene, timata i te pakanga mo te mahi hua ki mehua whakahaere: whakamāmā i te hanganga, whakaiti kaimahi e kore e taea e akakoromaki i paerewa ahumahi, Papatūānuku logistics, arotautanga o hoki-tari. Kei te whakamahia hoki ratou ki te arotau i te whānuitanga o ngā hua i runga i te paearu o te moni.

hua mahi Toharite

kamupene Tino onge me hinonga ahumahi e hua whānui o ngā hua, arā, o anake hua kotahi. Ko reira kitea e ia tūranga o te whānuitanga o ngā hua e faatupu utu rerekē o te hanga. Ka rite ki tenei whakaritea e te hua mahi toharite? Ko te tātai whakatau te putanga toharite (V _s) e tito o te moni o ngā hua maha o ngā hua hangaia i roto i ia tūranga whānui (e _i), whakanuia e te tauwehe faafariuraa e tika ana (K _i) (kite tātai 4.):

I roto i _te = Σ e _{* i} K _{i (4)}

tautuhi te rawa taua ōwehenga te rite e whai ake nei:

- A faaite i te iti rawa tūranga ngā wā-kai;

- wehea te whīwhiwhi o tetahi atu o ona tūranga e te tāuru mahi iti. Ko te ōwehenga e hiahiatia ana tenei.

Ko te moni i runga ake-whakahuatia o nga hua i te tikanga o ngā āhuatanga faafariuraa oku fakatatau te hanga o ngā hua huhua ki te whakawhanake i te kākahu, whīwhiwhi iti.

mutunga

Hei whakatutuki i te taumata hakari o mahi hua, kia tango rawa pūtea ki ngā āhuatanga maha pūkete: te rauemi, hangarau, tangata me te pūtea. Katoa o ratou, kia tangohia whānui enei āhuatanga ki kaiwhakahaere pūkete ki te waihanga i tētahi rautaki ko tino whaihua, me te production angitu.

Heoi, ara ki te whakahaere pai o te tūranga ārahi i roto i te ahunga whakamua o te mahi hua i roto i te kamupene e te mahi ngā: te hanga me kaimahi nonproduction. Ko enei iwi pai atu i tetahi atu e taea te kite i ngā whai wāhitanga höhonutanga "ratou" kamupene. Fakatatau ki ai, kia waiho ratou i hiahia i roto i te mahi ngātahi ki te whakahaere i te kamupene o: ki te kitea whai wāhitanga mō nui haere hua: ki te whakanui i production, whakaorangia utu, whakaiti i mahi kaha.

Ki te nga āhuatanga o te hanga kaimahi o te hinonga mahi autaki - i roto i te whakahaere, i runga i nga Rahui - tika. He aha e nga rāhui? Ko te whakahoki poto: ko reira mahi kumi i roto i rua ahunga: hangarau, me te whakahaere. Rahui, rite te ātete ki ngā āhuatanga (kāwai kore-rautaki) kua oti te tuhituhi tere me i wā poto o te wā, ratou whakamahi whakaatu nga tātai o te whakatairanga i hua inaianei.