Hydration o Propylene: Whārite tauhohenga

matū Organic i te wahi nui i roto i to tatou oraraa. Ko nga waerau wāhanga matua e te hunga katoa a tawhio noa tatou ratou: ko reira te pēke kirihou, me rapa, me te maha atu rauemi. Polypropylene hipokina i roto i kore ko tenei raupapa te taahiraa whakamutunga. Kei te whakaurua hoki te reira i roto i te ngā rauemi me te whakamahia i roto i te maha ahumahi pēnei i hanga, he whakamahi kāinga rite te rauemi mō kapu kirihou me ētahi atu iti (engari e kore e ki runga ki te tauine production) Me. I mua i te kōrero tatou e pā ana ki te tukanga taua, pera i te hydration o propylene (i ai, i te ara, e taea te tiki tatou waipiro isopropyl), titiro ki te hītori o te kitea o tenei taonga faufaa mo te ahumahi.

kōrero

Ka rite ki taua, e kore te rā whakatuwheratanga o te propylene e. Heoi, tona polymer - polypropylene -na'e mau whakatuwheratia i roto i 1936 i te kēmihi rongonui German Otto Bayer. O te akoranga, takahi, i mohiotia ai rite tetahi e taea te tiki i te taua mea nui, engari i roto i te mahi e kore e he angitu tenei. muri te reira i anake i roto i te rau tau waenganui-rua tekau, ka Tiamana me whai Italian, ka whakatuwheratia Ziegler Nutt hamanga whakakōkī pūwaro te waerau (he kotahi, neke atu rānei here rua), i te mea muri, ka ko: Ziegler-Natta kaiwhakakökï. Whakatika ki tenei wāhi i reira tino taea ki te hanga haere te tauhohe polymerization o taua matū kua. I mohiotia ratou polycondensation tauhohe, ka te whakakōkī i waho e pa ana i te taonga hono ki te mekameka polymer, reira hanga e-hua. Otiia ki te waiwaro hamanga kore e angitu.

Ko tētahi atu tukanga nui e pā ana ki tenei rawa, ko tona hydration. Propylene i roto i te timatanga o tona whakamahi i tino he rota. Na tenei te whakawhetai katoa ki te hinu, me te hau ngā kamupene tukatuka whakaaro he pōwaro rongoa (hoki ētahi wā ka kīia ki rite te taonga whakaahuatia). Ko te papatanga o te hinu faufau ko he e-hua, a ka tahuri te reira i roto i taua he o reira pārōnaki, isopropyl waipiro, ko te pūtake mo te kōtuitui o maha matū whai hua mō te taata nei, e rave rahi kamupene, pērā i o BASF, arai ratou tikanga o te whakaputa me te rere i te hokohoko nui i roto i tenei hononga. i whakamatauria Propylene Hydration me tono i mua i polymerization ko te aha hauwaiwaro, te hauwai waikuratei, tīmata mua isopropylamine ki te whakaputa i polypropylene.

He tukanga rawa ngā o te wehenga o te pōwaro i te hinu. Ko tatou te tahuri inaianei ki a ia.

Wehe o propylene

Mau, i roto i te māramatanga ariā o te tikanga taketake, ko te ki te kotahi anake tukanga: te hinu pyrolysis me haurehu e pā ana. Tena ko tenei implementations hangarau - te tika moana. Ko te meka Ko e rapu ana i nga kamupene ki te whiwhi i te ara ahurei, me te tiaki e titiro ano tona ārai me ētahi atu kamupene rite mo ratou ake ara ki te hanga tonu me te hoko pōwaro rite rauemi raw tahuri reira ki te momo o ngā hua ranei.

Pyrolysis ( "Pyro" - ahi "lys" - whakangaromanga) - rāpoi tukanga pirau matū uaua, me te nui ki te hunga iti i raro i te mana o tiketike pāmahana me te whakakōkī. Oil, rite mohiotia te, ko te ranunga o waiwaro ngā o te marama, reo me hautanga taimaha. Mai i te tuatahi, te taimaha rāpoi rawa iti, a he pōwaro me te ewaro i roto i te pyrolysis. kawea ana tēnei tukanga i roto i roto i oumu motuhake. I roto i te kaihanga tino matatau o te hangarau tukanga he rerekē: whakamahia etahi onepu te rite te coolant, te atu - kiripaka, me etahi atu - Coke; Ka taea hoki e koe te wehe i te oumu i roto i to ratou hanganga: i reira e tubular me tikanga, kia rite ki te hunga e karangatia ratou reactors.

Ko te tukanga pyrolysis hua nui toko pokekore, rite, motu ke i a ia, i reira te hanga e te tini o waiwaro, e ka whai ki te wehe ara tika pūngao-kaha. Na reira, ki te whiwhi i te rauemi parakore rite whakamahia mo te dehydrogenation o ngā waiwaro aru e Hydration: i roto i to tatou take - pōwaro. I tua atu i te tukanga polymerization whakaahuatia i runga noa e kore e tupu. Wāhinga i hauwai molkuly whāiti pūwaro puta i raro i te mahi o kaiwhakakökï o trivalent chromium waikura, me te konumohe ōkai.

Otiia i mua i neke i runga i ki te kōrero o te pehea te tukanga Hydration, titiro ki te hanganga o to tatou waiwaro hamanga.

Rawa hanganga propylene

Propen iho - te tuarua anake mema o te maha o ngā waiwaro rua (ngā waiwaro ki tetahi here rua). Hoki noho noa, he tuarua ki te ethylene anake ia (i nei, kia rite ki a koutou kia imi, kia polyethylene - te taimaha i roto i te ao waerau). I roto i te propen kāwanatanga noa - hau rite ona "whanaunga" o te hapu o ngā waiwaro, pōwaro.

Ko te pōwaro rerekētanga nui i pōwaro - ko e te muri kua i roto i tona hanganga, he here rua, e radically taui ona āhuatanga matū. āhei te reira i te hononga ki te rāpoi ngota o te pūwaro hamanga ētahi atu matū, ai te mea maha rawa nui mo te ahumahi me te whare he pūhui whiwhi ki te āhuatanga tino rerekē.

Ko te wā ki te kōrero e pā ana ki te ariā tauhohe, i, i roto i te meka, te kaupapa o tēnei tuhinga. I roto i te wāhanga o muri, ka ako koe i hanga e tetahi o nga hua tino arumoni nui, me pehea e tenei tauhohenga me aha e te mita i roto i reira, no te hydration propylene.

Ko te ariā o te Hydration

Hei timata, kia tahuri tatou ki te tukanga atu whānui - solvation - e ngā ano te tauhohenga whakaahuatia ana i runga. Tenei faafariuraa matū, e ngā i roto i hono i te rāpoi whakarewa ki te rāpoi ngota o te rewanga. Ko te kupu e taea e ratou te hanga i te rāpoi ngota hou, nga solvates pera ka karanga ranei, - matūriki arā o nga rāpoi rewanga me te whakarewa ngā hiko e pā ana. E paanga tatou i roto i anake te ahua tuatahi o ngā rauemi, no te mea ka te pai i hanga te hydration o propylene taua hua.

I roto i te solvation tikanga i runga ake e piri rāpoi whakarewa ki te rewanga, whiwhi pūhui hou. I roto i te matū waro pai io i hanga i roto i waiwaihā Hydration, ketones me aldehydes, engari i reira e etahi atu take, pērā i te hanganga o glycols, otiia e kore e ratou e kōrero. I roto i te meka, Ko te tino māmā tenei tukanga, engari i te wa ano ko te tino uaua.

tikanga hydration

here Double, kia rite ki te mohiotia, ngā o rua ngā momo o ngota here: pi me te sigma here. pakaru pi-here ki runga ki Hydration tonu te tauhohenga tuatahi, i te mea he reira iti kaha (he pūngao here iti). I tona whaturama hanga e rua orbitals wātea o te ngota waro pātata rua e kia hanga i here hou. He rāpoi ngota wai e vai i roto i te otinga i roto i te ahua o rua matūriki o katote waihā me te iraoho, nehenehe o hono piti here rua. Ai te piri te katote waihā ki te ngota waro pokapū me te iraoho - ki te rua i te tino. Ko te kupu, i roto i te hydration o propylene i hanga te nuinga 1-waihā pōwaro, isopropyl waipiro ranei. Ko tenei he mea tino nui, mai i te mea e taea ki te whiwhi hāora o hauwaiwaro, whakamahia i roto i te nui i roto i to tatou ao. Ua parauhia ia tatou e te hanga e te reira te nuinga, engari e kore te mea pono tenei. Me mea e ahau tenei: anake te hua i hanga e te Hydration o propylene, me tenei - waipiro isopropyl.

Tenei, o te akoranga, nga whaktauiratia katoa. I roto i te meka, e taea e nga mea katoa nui māmā ki te whakaahua. Na inaianei e matau ana tatou me pehea ki te tuhituhi i te akoranga kura o te tukanga, pērā i te hydration o propylene.

Tauhohenga: me pehea tupu te reira

I roto i te matū ki te rawea, nga mea katoa he kuware: me te awhina o te whārite tauhohenga. Ka taea te whakaahuatia e huringa matū o mea i raro i kōrero tenei ara. Hydration o propylene, te whārite tauhohenga ko tino māmā, me te e wahi i roto i rua ngā wāhanga. Tuatahi whawhati te pi-here, wahi o te rua. Katahi te rāpoi ngota wai i roto i te ahua o rua matūriki o anion waihā me te hauwai te māraa, e tika ana mō te propylene rāpoi ngota he wa kaha o rua nohoanga wātea ki te hanga i here. hanga katote waihā he here ki te ngota waro iti hydrogenated (i.e. ki, ki nei he nui iti o ngota hauwai), me te iraoho, aua, - ki te toe tino. Ko te kupu, he hua kotahi o: whāiti te waipiro monohydric he rō waiwaihā.

Me pēhea te ki te tuhi i te whakautu?

Na ka ako matou pehea ki te tuhituhi i te reo o te tauhohenga matū, e whakaata ana i te tukanga pērā i te hydration o propylene. Ko te tātai i te mea pai ki a tatou: CH ₂ = CH - CH _3. Ko te tātai o te rauemi tīmatanga tenei - rua pōwaro. Ka rite ki a koutou e taea te kite, te mea tohu te here rua e te tohu "=", a i roto i ka prisoednyatsya wai tenei wahi, ka e puta i te hydration o propylene. Ka taea te tuhituhia whārite Reaction rite: CH ₂ = CH - CH ₃ + H ₂ E = CH ₃ - CH (OH) - CH _3. tikanga te rōpū hydroxyl i roto i te reu e kore tenei wahi ko i te waka rererangi o te tātai, me i raro i runga ake ranei. Here e kore e taea e tatou e te whakaatu i te koki i waenganui i te rōpū e toru, te whakawhānui i te ngota waro waenganui, engari te mea e he ratou āhua rite ki tetahi ki tetahi, me te hanga ki runga ki te 120 nekehanga.

Kei hea te whakamahia ai?

Kua matou whakahuatia kua e whiwhi i roto i te akoranga o te taonga tauhohenga Kei te whānui whakamahia mo te kōtuitui o ētahi atu matū faufaa ki a tatou. Ko reira tino rite i roto i te hanganga ki hauwaiwaro, i nei rerekē reira anake i roto i taua hei utu o e tu ana i reira keto gidroksogrupp (arā, te hāora ngota hono e te here rua ki te ngota hauota). Ka rite ki mohiotia te, whakamahia hauwaiwaro ake te i roto i varnishes me whakarewa, engari i roto i te tua, kua whakamahia te reira rite te matū hohe mo ariā atu o atu matū matatini pērā i polyurethanes, epoxy kapia, anhydride ahetiki , a na i runga i.

hauwaiwaro tauhohe te whakaputa

whakaaro tatou he reira pai ki te whakaahua i te huringa o te waipiro isopropyl, hauwaiwaro, rawa mai kahore he pera uaua tenei tauhohenga. Hei timata, waihā pōwaro me te mimiti i 400-600 degrees oksilyayut hāora i te whakakōkī motuhake. whiwhi te hua parakore rawa e mau ana i roto i te tauhohenga i roto i te mata hiriwa.

whārite tauhohenga

E kore matou e haere ki ngā taipitopito o te huarahi tauhohe mo te hāora o te waihā pōwaro i roto i te hauwaiwaro mai he reira rawa matatini. Haapa'o noa i te whārite faafariuraa matū tikanga: CH ₃ - CH (OH) - CH ₃ + e ₂ = CH ₃ - C (e) - CH ₃ + H ₂ O. I whakaaturia i roto i te Kaupapa rawa katoa kuware, engari te mea e tika ana ki te haere hohonu ki te tukanga, a ka fehangahangai tatou he maha o fifi.

mutunga

Na Taka matou te tukanga hydration propylene me te whārite mō te tauhohenga ako me te huarahi o tona tupu. Whakaaro nga mātāpono hangarau ko te pūtake o te tukanga tūturu tango wahi i roto i te ahumahi. Ka rite ki tahuri reira i roto i, e kore e tino matatini ratou, engari i te painga tūturu mo to tatou ora rā.