Toka papa i. Whakamārama me te whakarōpū o toka

I roto i nga whekau o te whenua ko tata te ripanga pūmotu katoa. āhuatanga matū whai ahua ai i waenganui ia ratou he pūhui o e nga kohuke māori. kia kia whakaurua tētahi, ētahi rānei ngā kohuke i roto i nga kamaka o te whenua. Ka tamata tēnei tuhinga ki te mahi ki a ratou momo, me ngā āhuatanga uara.

He aha te mea te kamaka

Hoki te wā tuatahi kua tono tenei wā tatou pūtaiao Russian Severgin i 1978. Definition taea te hoatu he: toka - tenei hononga ki tetahi o te maha kohuke ka puta noa i te hanganga tūturu me hanganga. Ka taea te kitea toka nga wahi katoa, kia rite ki te hunga whai wāhi o te kirinuku o te whenua ratou.

Ki te tai'o koe te whakaahuatanga o toka, he tohu rerekē katoa ratou:

• Kiato.
• Porosity.
• Tae.
• Kaha.
• ātete kaha ki te huka.
• mau huru whakapaipai.

Tei runga i te huinga o huru maitatai e whakamahia ratou.

Ko te kanorau o toka

I te ngakau o wae toka i runga i te ngā momo ko te matū, me te kohuke hanganga. Kei te hoatu i te ingoa o te kamaka, i runga i to ratou take rānei. Fakakaukau ki he me'a ratou faaite rōpū. kia titiro whakarōpū Common taua ara.

1. toka parataiao:

• toka māhurehure;
• organogenous;
• chemogenic;
• whakauru.

2. Magmatic:

• puia;
• tokanuku;
• hypabyssal.

3. kāhuarau:

• isochemical;
• metasomatic;
• ultrametamorphic.

Next, whakaaro he kiripuaki atu taipitopito o enei momo.

toka parataiao

Ka taea te hauā Tetahi kamaka, putanga i roto i te mātanga o ngā āhuatanga me ngā tukanga-waho ki te huri i tona āhua. timata ratou ki te wahia iho, te horapa para, e taea te takoto ki runga ki te raro o te moana, me ngā moana. Ka rite ki te hua - te hanganga o ngā toka parataiao.

Whakarōpū he uaua toka o te take mai parataiao, mai i hanga te nuinga o ratou i raro i te mana o ngā tukanga maha, Na, ki te huanga ratou ki te rōpū ngā ko ngā taea. I tēnei wā, kei te wehea tenei momo o te toka ki:

• toka papa i. Ka taea e tauira meinga rerekē: te kirikiri maheni ranei i kurua kohatu, onepu me te uku, a he tokomaha etahi atu.
• Organogenous.
• Chemogenic.

Kia kōrero a pā ana ki ia puka momo.

toka papa i

puta ratou e tika ana ki te hanganga o te otaota. Ki te whakarōpū tatou ratou rite tonu ki to ratou hanganga, te tuku:

• toka timahia.
• Unconsolidated.

Kei roto i te momo tuatahi he wae tūhono, e ai kia faahoho'ahia e pākawa waro me uku. Ko te momo tuarua e kore e whai i enei matū reira he hanganga wewete.

Ka taea hoki e koe te whakapūtā e maha ngā nga toka māhurehure tohu me toenga o ngā tipu me ngā kararehe. Ēnei ngā nga anga o mollusks tiaki parawae o te kakau, ngārara parirau.

Te nuinga mohiotia toka māhurehure. Tauira whakau tenei. Na roto i te detrital He onepu faahiahia me paru, kohatu mongamonga me kirikiri, me te tokomaha noa atu. Kei te whānui katoa o ratou whakamahia i roto i te ahumahi hanga.

moenga o toka

Tenei rōpū Ko te hua o te tauhohe matū. Pēnei ki a ia kia tai, pērā i te pāhare pāporo me bauxite. Ko te tukanga o te hanga tenei momo o te momo e puta i roto i ara e rua:

1. kukū äta o te otinga tukanga. E kore e araia te reira i konei me te pānga o te radiation i te ra.
2. Pūhui atu tai i te pāmahana iti.

Ka whakawhirinaki te hanganga o taua momo i runga i te wahi tupu ratou. Ko te hunga e kua hanga e runga i te mata o te whenua, i te āhua o te awa ki, a he tino rerekē kē te hohonu.

Tino whānui e whakamahia ana i tenei rōpū o toka, tauira anake whakaū i tenei. Ki nga moenga o toka he:

• tai kohuke.
• Bauxite.
• Limestones.
• Dolomite, magnesite, me te tini ke atu.

I roto i te āhua he toka tino noa i roto i te hanganga o nei i tae e ngā tukanga māori. Ingoa o toka e kua riro wahi i roto i te ara taua - konatunatua. Hei tauira, e taea te tutaki one ki te hawhekaihe o paru.

toka parataiao Organogenic

Ki te tahi mau taime ngā toka māhurehure i roto i tona hanganga tonu o ngā kaiao ora, ka ko noa tetahi o ratou tenei rōpū, me te ko. Kei roto te reira i:

• Oil me te tokauku.
• Uku.
• toka Phosphate.
• pūhui pākawa waro, pērā i taioma, e kua oti te tuhituhi i runga i te papatuhi.
• Limestones.

Ki te kōrero tatou e pā ana ki te hanganga, te tata katoa hanga te pākeho me kotakota ake o morehu o nga anga o mollusks onamata, foraminifera, rupi, rite i roto i ratou pükohu. Homai e hoatu whakatika toka organogenic he kaiao rerekē, kua wehea ratou ki te maha ngā momo:

• Bioherm. Na ka karangatia e haaputuputuraa o kaiao ora.
• Thanatocoenoses me tafrotsenozy he toenga o rauropi e noho roa i mua i roto i enei wahi i kawea mai e te wai ranei.
• i hanga e toka Planktonogenic i ngā e ora i roto i te wai.

rahi witi o te parataiao

Tēnei āhuatanga ko tetahi o nga āhuatanga o te hanganga toka parataiao. Ki te titiro koe ki te toka, e taea te wehea ratou ki ōrite me inclusions. I roto i te whakatinanatanga tuatahi, ka mohio te toka katoa rite te papatipu ōrite, ka kia whakaaro ai te rua o nga hautau takitahi me ratou āhua witi, me te ōwehenga.

Ki te whakaaro tatou te rahi o hautau, ka taea e tatou te wehe e rave rahi rōpū:

1. Witi tohua rawa pai.
2. Skrytozernistye e ngā puta ki te kia hanganga.
3. I roto i te toru o nga rōpū, e kore e taea ki te whakaaro i te granularity kahore taputapu motuhake.

Ka taea e inclusions puka e tetahi o nga paearu e e faaite i enei toka. He maha ngā momo motuhake o ngā hanganga:

• Gipodiomorfny. I roto i tenei momo mahi kia rite ki purapura tioata o te otinga hua.
• pā ana momo Gipidioblastovy ki te hanganga takawaenga, i roto i nei i reira ko te tohatoha anō o matū i roto i te kamaka kua ua haapuai.
• Granoblastic rau ranei he tioata o āhua kōhikohiko.
• momo Mehanokonforny i hanga e te mahi pūkaha o te paparanga witi pressurized, e kua kei runga ake.
• Nekonformnozernisty he āhuatanga matua i roto i te puka o ngā āhua rerekē o purapura, e tika ana ki te feāvaaki me porosity.

I tua atu emit hanganga ara me te kakano. E hāngai ana te wehenga kei i runga i te hōhonu o:

• Hurihurihanga. kawea Ko tōna hanganga i roto i rire nui i raro i te wai.
• puta Prosloevaya waimeha paru i roto i te tahi mau papa o te wai, e taea te pēnei tenei momo, paparanga o onepu ki paru.
• Pereslaivatelnaya puta ka te matotoru nui, he reira taea ki te mau i te huringa o ngā tae papa. Ka rite ki te tauira, interlace uku me te onepu.

Ka taea e hua te reira i roto i maha atu whakarōpūtanga, engari ko tenei, pea, mutu.

Māngai o toka parataiao

Kua uiui e matou kua i te toka māhurehure parataiao, tauira o nei hua ano, a inaianei e noho i runga i te tahi atu, e te hoki whānui tohaina i roto i te natura.

1. Tetea ana. Tohu toka parataiao i roto i te puka o te kirikiri. Kei te tito te reira o whatiwhatinga o toka me ngā kohuke o rerekē te rahi o.
2. toka Sandy. Ko ētahi o ēnei onepu me te hōanga.
3. toka Silty ahua rite ki sandstones, anake i roto i tona hanganga, he kohuke atu pūmau i roto i te puka o te kiripaka, muscovite.
4. Keho āhuatanga e te roughness i runga i te whatinga me te tei te tae i runga i te rauemi cementitious.
5. He one.
6. toka Clay.
7. Mudstones.
8. Marl Ko te ranunga o pākawa waro me uku.
9. Limestones, e kua titoa o konupāhiko.
10. Mel.
11. Dolomites rite pākeho, konupāhiko, engari hei utu i roto i ratou dolomite.

Kei te whānui enei toka katoa whakamahia i roto i te hanga, me te tahi atu rāngai o te ōhanga.

toka kāhuarau

Ki te mahara tatou e tenei kāhuarau, ka kia mohio ki taua mea e nga toka kāhuarau ko te hua o te hurihanga o ngā kohuke, me toka i raro i te mahi o te pāmahana, te marama, te pēhanga, me te wai. Ko te pai o tenei rōpū mohiotia ko: mapere, quartzite, kāhuarau kanapa, te schist, me ētahi atu.

Mai kia te kāhuarau ngohengohe ki ngā momo o toka, a ka tei te whakarōpū i runga taua mea:

1. METABASIC - tenei momo, e hua i te faafariuraa o te toka ngiha me parataiao.
2. Metapelites Ko te hua o te faafariuraa o toka parataiao waikawa.
3. toka pākawa waro, pērā i mapere.

Ko te puka o te toka kāhuarau puritia te i te tauira o mua, ki te kei te kamaka i runga ngā papa, me te hou ka whai te taua āhua i hanga. Te hanganga matū, o te akoranga, tei runga i te toka taketake, engari i raro i te mana o tauhohe kia rerekē. kia rerekē te hanganga kohuke, a taea whakauru reira kohuke e rua ko te kotahi e rave rahi ranei.

toka ngiha

Tenei rōpū o toka he tata 60% o te kirinuku o te whenua katoa. whakatika ratou i te rewa o toka i roto i te koroka ranei i te raro o te kirinuku. Te tokarewa - Kei te wāhanga tino ranei taonga rauemi whakarewa ki ngā hau. Ko te tukanga o te hanganga e pā ana tonu ki te pāmahana nui i roto i te roto o te whenua. tukanga arowhenua e puta ana i roto i te whenua, tonu whakapataritari e whakatika tokarewa ki te mata. I roto i te tukanga o te whakaarahia e wahi tautauā me te whātioatanga o ngā kohuke. Na ko te tukanga hoki te hanganga o te toka ngiha.

Tei runga i te hohonu i nei te pakeke, kua wehea ki te maha ngā rōpū o toka, kia titiro momo o te tepu rite tenei:

tokanuku	puia	hypabyssal
Ēnei toka e hanga e i roto i te wahi o raro o te kirinuku.	I hanga i roto i te hūnga o te tokarewa ki te mata.	puta momo ka whakakī tokarewa te kapiti i roto i te kamaka ngā.

rerekē toka ngiha i otaota e kore toenga o kaiao mate i roto ia ratou. hanganga toka Granite ko tetahi o te rongonui tino i roto i tenei rōpū. Kei a ia ko: te wherepāra, kiripaka me te Mika.

A, no te he hūnga, te tokarewa ka mahue te mata o te whenua, āta mātao me hanga he momo o te toka puia. e kore e ratou i roto i tioata nui rite te pata pāmahana e wahi tino hohoro. Māngai o taua toka he ōnewa me te ofa'i. Kei te maha whakamahia ratou i roto i tawhito mo te hanga o urupa, me whakairo.

toka māhurehure puia

I roto i te tukanga o ngā hū i hanga e kore anake ofa'i kamaka, engari tokomaha ano hoki etahi. Atu rangitoto effusion ki te huru, ia reva atu te maha nui o nga whatiwhatinga i, tahi ki haapuai clots rangitoto hinga ki te mata, me te puka tephra. Kei te horo āta tēnei rauemi pyroclastic, ngaro wahi o tona wai, me tetahi e he pēpēhia me riro te kohatu kaha - tuffs puia.

I taea te kite i te pakaru o te kamaka whatiwhatinga, i nga wāhi i waenganui nei e ki tonu i te pungarehu ētahi wā paru matū parataiao siliceous ranei.

Huarere, o toka

toka katoa, he i roto i te natura, e pāngia e te āhuatanga maha e hua i roto i te horo whakangaromanga ranei. Tei runga i te mana puta i reira e rave rahi ngā momo o tenei tukanga:

1. HUARERE tinana o toka. Puta i te reira e tika ana ki ngā huringa pāmahana, hua i roto i pakaru kamaka, i roto i enei kapiti te ui ia wai e taea te tahuri ki te huka i pāmahana iti. Na puta āta whakangaromanga o te kamaka.
2. kawea HUARERE matū i roto i te wai i whiwhi ki kapiti toka me leaches, memeha reira. He tino Nireaha ki te mapere, pākeho, te tote taua pānga.
3. kawea HUARERE koiora i roto i ki te whai wāhitanga o ngā kaiao ora. Hei tauira, e whakato ki e whakangaro ratou pakiaka te kamaka, te pukoko, noho ki runga ki a ratou, te huna hoki etahi waikawa, i te hunga ano hoki pānga kino.

A ape i te ngau huarere o toka he tata e taea.

Te tikanga toka

E kore e taea ki te whakaaro i te ōhanga i waho te whakamahi o ngā toka. timata mahi taua whakamahi i roto i nga wa onamata, ka ako te iwi me pehea ki te hapai i nga kohatu. Matua whakamahia i roto i te kamaka ahumahi hanga. Tauira ngā te whai ake:

• Marble.
• Pākeho.
• Mel.
• Ofa'i.
• Quartzite me ētahi atu.

hāngai ana ratou whakamahi i roto i te hanga i runga i te kaha, me te tahi atu mau huru maitatai faufaa.

Kei te whakamahia ētahi ahu i roto i te ahumahi metallurgical, pērā i te uku whakangutungutu, pākeho, dolomite. Ko rāua i te ahumahi matū toka tote, Tripoli, whenua diatomaceous.

whakamahi Ahakoa marama ahumahi kamaka mo ratou hiahia. I roto i te ahuwhenua e kore e taea te mahi i waho hopi, toka Phosphate, e ko te wāhanga nui o maniua.

Ko te kupu, uiuia maua nga toka. A taea te faaoti i te reira e i reira e ratou etahi me tika kaiāwhina tangata i roto i tata ahumahi katoa, mai i te ora ia ki te hanga. Ko Ko te aha te ariā kei te kore toka te tino maha whakamahia, me ngā kohuke e rite whakapuaki te faufaa o enei Faarii tūturu.