Hypoeutectoid maitai: te hanganga, ngā āhuatanga, te hanga me te whakamahi o

Ko te whakamahi o te waro maitai whānui i roto i te hanganga me te ahumahi. Ko te rōpū o pera-ka karanga rino hangarau he maha painga e arahi ki nui haere mahi o nga hua mutunga me whakaaro. Āpiti atu ki te kaha tino arotau, me te ātete ki te ahotea, taua alloys whai āhuatanga ngāwari, me te hihiri. I roto i ngā, maitai pro-eutectoid, ano nei he hanganga ōrau nui o ngā ranunga carbonaceous wāriutia mō te kōngohe tiketike. Otiia e kore e te e nga painga katoa o te momo o tiketike-kaha rino.

ngā mōhiohio General i runga i te koranu

Ko te taonga motuhake o te parahi, ko te aroaro i roto i te hanganga o te koranu me te waro poke motuhake. Mau, i runga i te ihirangi waro me te koranu pro-eutectoid takoto. He mea nui ki te wehewehe i waenganui i puāwaitanga me te eutectoid me ledeburitic maitai, e whai he rota i roto i noa ki te ahua fakamatala'i o rino hangarau. Ki te whakaaro tatou te piha haapiiraa o hanganga maitai, ka doevtektoidnyh te koranu eutectoid whāki i, engari kei roto i te wahi o te ferrite doped me pearlite. Ko te tino rerekētanga i te taumata waro hypereutectoid te raro 0.8%. Nui atu tenei tohu taea ki te kōrero ki tonu maitai eutectoid. I roto i te tahi mau ara ritenga doevtektoida ko te parahi hypereutectoid, i roto i nei hoki kei te tua o te Onemata poke carbides tuarua. Ko te kupu, i reira e rua ngā āhuatanga matua e tukua ki te tohatoha alloys hypoeutectoid o te eutectoid rōpū whānui. Tuatahi, he mea he ihirangi āhua iti o te waro, a tuarua, he huinga motuhake o poke e e hāngai ana ferrite.

hangarau ahumahi

Ko rite ki te hanga o te tahi atu alloys whānui tukanga maitai ahumahi tukanga pro-eutectoid. Ko, te whakamahi i āhua i te taua tikanga, engari i roto i te tahi atu whirihoranga. Motuhake aro maitai hypoeutectoid titau whiwhi i roto i ngā wāhanga o tona hanganga motuhake. Hoki tenei hangarau he wāhi ki te whakarite whāwehe o austenite i runga i te meangiti papamuri. I roto i te tahuri, ngā te austenite te ki te ranunga tënei o te ferrite kotahi, me te pearlite. Na roto i te para me te meangiti rate ture technique taea te whakahaere i te manene o te tāpiri, i te mutunga pā te hanganga o etahi āhuatanga mahi o te rauemi.

Heoi, ko te wāhanga waro whakaratohia Onemata tonu i te taumata kotahi. Ahakoa kia hanga kōpeke ana muri whakatikatika ki te hanganga o te microstructure, ka hei te ihirangi waro i roto i 0.8%. He taahiraa obligatory i roto i te hanganga o te hanganga rino, me te māori. hiahiatia ana tēnei tukanga te hoki mä purapura hautanga o te austenite kotahi. I roto i te mau parau te tahi atu, e heke matūriki ferrite me Onemata ki te rahi tino pai, e atu whakapiki i nga āhuatanga hangarau me te tinana o te maitai. Ko te tukanga matatini i roto i nei te rota o te whakawera tei runga i te kounga o te ture tenei. Ki te nui te pāmahana, pai kia whakaratohia ai ki te pānga ritenga - te whakanui ake i te purapura austenite.

kōpeke ana o maitai

mahi kōpeke ana te whakamahi i te maha o ngā tikanga. He faufaa rerekē hangarau kōpeke ana oti, me te tarepa. I roto i te take tuatahi i reira ko te whakawera kaha ki te austenite pāmahana whakawhiti, i muri i kawea te māori i roto i te meangiti. pirau tonu austenite. Tikanga, he kōpeke ana ki tonu o steels whakaputaina i roto i te aratau 700-800 ° C. maimoatanga Heat i te taumata tika whakahohetia ferrite te tukanga o ngā huānga mimiti. Ko te auau meangiti hoki Nireaha ki te whakarerekētanga, hei tauira, ka taea e ngā kaimahi ratonga whakahaere i te tatau oumu ruma, kati te whakatuwhera i te reira ranei. New oumu tauira isothermal aunoa taea te kawe i roto i tautauā puhoi, i roto i te runga ki te hōtaka tomu'a.

Ki te whakaaro ki te kōpeke ana ngohengohe, kua whakamana ai e te whakawera i te pāmahana i runga 800 ° C. Heoi, i reira he here nui i runga i te wā pupuri i te pānga pāmahana tino. Hoki tenei take, i reira he he kōpeke ana wāhanga, i roto i nei e kore e ferrite ngaro. Nō reira, e kore e whakakorea, me te plurality o hanganga hē rauemi heke mai. He aha e hiahia ana te steels kata, ki te kore e whakapai ake i te reira i te mau huru maitatai tinana? I roto i te meka, he reira maimoatanga wera pahara taea ki te pupuri i te kakano ngohengohe. kia kore Me te rauemi whakamutunga i roto i nga rohe o te tono, i te mea ulungāanga hoki steels waro rite taua, engari ka ngāwari te whakaputa machined. Soft koranu pro-eutectoid kahore ngā uaua tapahi Nireaha me utu iti i roto i te tukanga ahumahi.

māori koranu

I muri pupuhi mai te tahuri o ngā tukanga maimoatanga wera mā'olunga. Tohatoha mahi māori me te whakawera. I roto i te wā e rua ko reira he mana waiariki i runga i te workpiece i e taea te pāmahana nui 1000 ° C. Otiia i tahaki timata ki te puta i muri i te otinga o te maimoatanga wera māori doevtektoidnyh. I tenei wā tīmata te meangiti i te reira i roto i tonu tikanga hau i ai puta te rongo ki te whakaoti i te hanganga o te austenite pai. Ko, wera ko te ahua o ngā mahi faaineineraa mua ki te mau mai i te koranu i roto i te huru tonu o. Ki te kōrero tatou e pā ana ki ngā rerekētanga hanganga motuhake, tino maha e whakahuatia ratou i roto i te hekenga i roto i te rahi o te ferrite me pearlite, me te ki ake i to ratou pakeke. Nga huru maitatai kaha o nga matūriki e nui haere i roto i te mahi he mea whakarite ngā tukanga kōpeke ana ki ngā āhuatanga rite, tutuki te.

I muri māori kia aru e tetahi maimoatanga wera ki te tere marumaru roa. Na, kua matao o te preform, a kia whakamana tenei taahiraa i roto i ngā huarahi rerekē. hypoeutectoid, koirä rino ranei tahuri i roto i te rangi ranei, i roto i te oumu ki tautauā puhoi. Ka rite ki whakaaturanga mahi, i hanga te koranu-kounga tiketike tino e mau ana i roto i te māori tonu o te hangarau.

Temperature pānga i runga i te hanganga koranu

pāmahana pokanoa i roto i te tukanga o te hanga hanganga maitai tīmata ki te huringa o te ferrite-cementite ki papatipu austenite. I roto i te mau parau te tahi atu, puta te pearlite ki kī ranunga mahi i tetahi wahi riro te turanga ki te hanga i te parahi kaha nui. I roto i te taahiraa i muri mai o te waiariki te rongo whakapakeke maitai whakakahoretia tangata o ferrite te taikaha. Ka rite ki kua tuhia, kua kore tonu rawa kia whakakahoretia o reira, pera i roto i te take o te kōpeke ana oti. Ko tā tonu koranu doevtektoidnyh matarohia te tango o te wae austenite. He wātea kē te atamira i muri ki te arotau i te hanganga o te tātai i runga i te hanganga o te hanganga papaitia. Ko, i reira te mea he whakaiti o nga matūriki koranu ki te whiwhinga o ngā āhuatanga kaha nui haere.

huringa Isothermal ki te ranunga o te austenite supercooled kia whakamana i roto i ngā aratau me ngā taumata pāmahana - kotahi anake o nga tawhā i whakahaere te kaihangarau. rerekē hoki wā tihi waiariki mana, te auau meangiti me t. D. Tei runga i te māori aratau tīpakohia whiwhi whakapakeke maitai ki ngā āhuatanga hangarau me te tinana. Ko reira i tenei wā hoki i te whai wāhi ki te ui āhuatanga motuhake, me te whakahaere. He tauira a Tūrongo, ko te koranu ki te kakano ngohengohe, hua i roto i te tukatuka atu pai. Ko arahina tonu te nuinga kaihanga i nga hiahia o te kaiwhakamahi mutunga, me ona whakaritenga mo te taketake āhuatanga hangarau me te whakahaere o te whakarewa.

hanganga maitai

aratau māori i te pāmahana i 700 ° C ai te hanganga o te hanganga i roto i nei te turanga e kia ferrite me pearlite purapura. E te ara, hei utu o te parahi hypereutectoid o hanganga ferrite he cementite. I te pāmahana rūma i roto i te āhua tonu tuhia te me te ihirangi o te ferrite te taikaha, ahakoa te whakanui ake tenei wahi o te waro whakamōkitohia te. He mea nui ki te haapapu e te hanganga o te parahi i roto i te tohu iti ti'aturi i runga i te ihirangi waro. E ia tata kahore pānga i runga i te whanonga o te wāhanga matua i roto i te wera taua, ka hāngai tata katoa i roto i te pearlite. Mau, no te Onemata me taea whakatau i te taumata o te ranunga carbon - te tikanga he rahinga iti.

Ko tētahi atu mita hanganga ngā. Ko te take i te matūriki o Onemata me ferrite he te mahara motuhake taua. tikanga o tēnei e te maha o tetahi o enei wae i roto i te puranga e taea kitea i roto i te mea ratou noho te rohe katoa. Ko te kupu ako mata microsection. Tei runga i te aratau i roto i i hua pro-eutectoid maitai wera, i hanga, me ngā tawhā hautanga matūriki austenite. Ko te mea tata i runga i te kaupapa takitahi ki te hanganga o ngā uara ahurei - tetahi mea e noho tonu i te rohe paerewa mō ngā tawhā.

Āhuatanga doevtektoidnoy maitai

E pā ana tēnei whakarewa ki ngawari maitai, na e kore e taea te tūmanakohia nga āhuatanga mahi motuhake i ia. Kati te reira ki te mea e te āhuatanga kaha o te koranu ngaro eutectoid tino. he tika noa ki ngā rerekētanga i roto i te hanganga tenei. Ko te take i te rino i te taikaha doevtektoidnyh maitai kōeke kei roto he iho i roto i analogs kaha he sima i roto i te huinga hanganga. Tetahi wahi mo tenei take, tūtohutia te hangarau mō te rāngai hanga ki te whakamahi i te alloys i roto i te hanga i o e kua whakatinanahia te mahi puhipuhi mōrahi ki te displacement o ferrites.

Ki te kōrero tatou e pā ana ki te āhuatanga makehe pai o tenei rauemi, ka he ratou i roto i te ukanga, ātete ki te tukanga māori koiora o te whakangaromanga, a na i runga i. D. Ki tenei tinei doevtektoidnyh steels taea te tāpiri i whakarewa me te maha o ngā āhuatanga atu. Hei tauira, kia mau ai ki te ātete tiketike waiariki, me te kore o te susceptibility ki tukanga waikura, me te he huinga o ngā āhuatanga tiaki o te tikanga alloys waro iti.

Mara o te tono

Ahakoa te heke iti i roto i ngā āhuatanga kaha e tika ana ki te whakarewa no ki te piha o steels ferritic, tohaina tenei rauemi i roto i te wāhi rerekē. Hei tauira, i roto i te engineering aunoa tono wahi i hanga o rino doevtektoidnyh. Ko tētahi atu mea e whakamahi ana alloys kōeke teitei, i whakamahia te hanga o e hangarau puhipuhi matatau me te māori. Ano, ko te hanganga o pro-eutectoid maitai ki te ihirangi iti o te ferrite taea te whakamahi i whakarewa i roto i te hanga o ngā hanganga whare. Ano, ko te utu utu o etahi kōeke o parahi o tenei momo hanga reira taea ki te tatau i runga i tino penapena. I te tahi taime, i roto i te hanga o ngā rauemi hanga me kōwae maitai e kore e rapua e kaha teitei engari titau kakahu resistance me te elasticity. I roto i te wā pērā noa tika alloys doevtektoidnyh tono.

production

whai wāhi hanga, te faaineineraa, me te tuku o te whakarewa pro-eutectoid i Russia e i roto i pakihi maha. Hei tauira, te tipu Ural konganuku nonferrous (UZTSM) manufactures maha ngā kōeke o parahi o tenei momo, whakahere i te kaiwhakamahi te huinga rerekē o ngā āhuatanga hangarau me te tinana. Ural tipu Steel hua ferrite maitai, e i roto i wae koranu-kounga tiketike. I roto i te tua, te Whārangi o akatuke'anga e wātea ana alloys motuhake, tae atu ki ngā superalloys, a nui-chromium kowiri tira.

I roto i te ngä matua taea te tāutuhia, me te kamupene "Metalloinvest". I nga whakaurunga o te kamupene e wātea ana maitai hanganga ki hanganga doevtektoidnoy, hangaia hoki te whakamahi i roto i te hanga. I te kau, mahi mira maitai tipu i runga i nga paerewa hou, e taea ai ki te whakapai ake i te wahi me te ferrite alloys ngoikore - āhuatanga kaha. I roto i ngā, ki te kamupene hangarau mahi ki te whakapai ake i te take kaha ahotea, arotau taikaha me te ātete ki te mahi rohirohi. Tenei taea ki tatou whakahere alloys whakaaro tata te ao.

mutunga

He maha ngā āhuatanga hangarau me te whakahaere o te ahumahi me te hanganga konganuku, e kua whakaaro faufaa, me te wā ake. Heoi, ka rite ki te whīwhiwhi o ngā hanganga me ngā tukanga puta, me ngā whakaritenga hou mō te wae pūmārō. I roto i tenei whakaaro, faaite te kanapa ano pro-eutectoid maitai, ai te mahi arotahi rerekē. E kore te te whakamahi o tenei whakarewa tika ai i roto i te wā i reira te tūemi e tika ana ki maha mahi ultra-tiketike, a i roto i ngā āhuatanga e rapua e huinga kore-paerewa motuhake o ngā āhuatanga rerekē. I roto i tenei take whakaatu te whakarewa he tauira o te huinga o te ngäwari me te kōngohe ki tino pai resistance pānga me matua 'ulungaanga tiaki angamaheni o te nuinga o alloys waro.