I runga i te faufaa o te ahunga whakamua pūtaiao, hangarau me te pāpori i roto i whenua whakawhanake, öhanga pai - tūranga auaha o pūtaiao me te engineering etc. katoa me

VA TU Pyatkin ME Tuhinga

kanga ko runga. Kua tae mai te wa

wa ki te whakaata hinengaro.

S. A., kaituhi.

MEI TE AUTHOR

Ko te otinga o te rau tau XX te whakangaromanga o te USSR - te āhua o te taumata ao i roto i te feia faatere o te o te ahunga whakamua pūtaiao, me te hangarau. Huna e te whanaketanga turanga ahumahi kaha, ki reira, me te auaha - auaha ngāue pūtaiao, me te hinengaro o te iwi, me ngā ratonga pāpori tūmatanui. Rua tekau tau kua haere kino motu - te ati o te iwi o Russia me te mua Soviet Union.

He taonga motu i te mahi o nga whakatupuranga maha, me te hinengaro tahuri - ka mau te taonga o te porohita kuiti o iwi, a hoki nga rauemi raw motu. ka te reira i te pūtake o te ōhanga e hāngai ana-kaweake-rauemi katoa, i roto i nei i reira ko tetahi mea ki te ara, me te whanaketanga motu - te haamaitairaa anake, me te haamaitairaa anake. Kua ngaro te iwi ona mahi tuku iho i roto i te pūtaiao, hoahoa me te engineering whanaketanga i roto i te ahumahi.

I roto i te tukanga ka karanga ina ripeneta, hoki rua tekau nga tau e kore i tupu a kihai i taea e pa tetahi mea nui ki te whanaketanga o te ōhanga pai. I roto i te reira te nuinga i te ngākau nuitanga anake o tangata nui āwenewene hanga, te hiahia mo te taonga mutunga. E whakamārama ana tēnei i te tiango - te raupapatanga hohonu me te roha o te ao tūmatanui-pāpori.

Te aha i taua? Question tatari whāinga kairangahau. E whanaunga whakahē i roto i te hapori, me runga ake te katoa - no te mea o te kore o mahara ki nga puna o te tōtika o te whanaketanga, hei tenei take kua tino wā, uaua - motu.

o teie mahana Russia - he whenua o tangata nui, me te corporations i takoto ki te tango i te rawa o te kaupapa here öhanga, me te ahumahi. Ko reira te kaupapa here o te whakahe ihupuku ki te whanaketanga o te ahunga whakamua pūtaiao, me te hangarau motu, me tona whakakorehanga rite reira faufaa. E rua tekau nga tau arataki ratou anake tenei takotoranga nui whakawhānui te rōrahi o te ōhanga koloa, ka titiro rite te kaimahi rangitahi whakaritea ki te whakaurunga ahumahi rīhi.

Russia - he whenua ki kahore he whāinga me whakaaro. Ko te Soviet Union ko te whāinga - hapori me te whakaaro - pūtaiao, hangarau me te ahunga whakamua pāpori o te kāwanatanga - te whanaketanga motu. (Tūranga tōraro takaro whakaaro teeraa o Communism). Meatanga Russia. Ka taea e te whakaingoa tetahi e whakatakotoria etahi whāinga? Heoi, kotahi, anake reira e "whiwhi taonga, me te whiwhi taonga." Hoki tenei whakaaro, î reira mea katoa, me te katoa, i runga ki raro - te kaporeihana, pakihi, ahurea pakū, me ētahi atu, i tetahi iwi mahi me te ora pāpori katoa ..

He tuhinga roa i huaina "Ko te Whakatika me te Hingá." I muri i te Pakanga 2 Ao, te Soviet Union i roto i te ahunga whakamua pūtaiao, me te hangarau ārahi o te ao - he kaha nui. i tika ki te tango atu i te agrarian NTP Russia tareka te muri ki te kaha mana ahumahi tenei, te hinga o Hitler fascism, ki te turanga ahumahi Pākehā matatau ... i whakaritea te hinga o Russia ki reformist kaitōrangapū iteraa o ratou ariā i arahina ki te whakangaromanga o pūtaiao, ngaio me ngā kaimahi, me poi ahumahi.

To tatou whakahaere e pā ana ki te faufaa o te ahunga whakamua pūtaiao, me te hangarau i roto i whenua whakawhanake, öhanga pai - katoa me te tūranga auaha o te mahi pūtaiao, me te engineering, matua o te hoahoa. Ko te Kamupene kua taea ki ara matau tenei tūranga. engineering huna, mātauranga, ahumahi me te papanga pāpori. He ko he huringa o whakatupuranga. I roto i te ora tūmatanui piri iwi taitamariki matara i te mahi pūtaiao, me te hangarau.

Tenei tuhinga roa i roto i te engineering korero me te mahi pūtaiao, me te engineering, e pā nei te ki te whati-ake o nga mara tuku iho o te mahi motu. whakaaro te reira e pā ana ki e rua tekau rerekē ki te hunga i roto i i te makamaka etahi meka. e kore te mea he tāruarua o te whakaaro i tuhituhia me te rerekē titiro i te raruraru tenei.

Tuhinga anga i te tamarikitanga auaha. e hiahia ana ahau ki te whakapono e ko reira kowaiwai o mana'o hape, kua kite i tona māramatanga o te katoa me te takotoranga tika.

TE TU ME Tuhinga ngā

Factor whakatakotoria I ROTO I TE WHANAKETANGA

Ko te rau tau mua - te wa o nui nekehanga, huringa me te whakangaromanga, whakatutukitanga me ngā heke tino; kau taki Kaleidoscope me kaiwhakahaere - te kaha, rangatira, me te tino ngoikore, iti, engari hao, ki kerēme o motuhake. whakapono tōrangapū wa, wehe rawa i te turanga - production pāpori, whakaarahia tiketike i runga ake i te ngākau nuitanga o te iwi, me ngā ngākau nuitanga, e whakamotitia tetahi Māoritanga me morare. Time hanga maere, e whakamotitia pono me te Maimi hinengaro o te iwi. Ko te mau haapiiraa kawa o te hītori, me te tukurua hape e tetahi mea i ako tenei.

Events 90 me tau muri rapu māramatanga me te maioha o te katoa. Eaha tei tupu? Ko reira e tika ana? He aha te mea o te moni Russian? Aha tupu te reira i tenei ara, me te kore te kore? Ehara i rite kaupapa here i korero, rite tokomaha tūmanakohia. I runga i te mea i te öhanga whakawhiti? He aha e nga ope peia? "Nga whakatupuranga Me aromatawai o te mea i tupu. karo tatou he aromatawai tika. " (Granin)

I teie mahana, ko reira tino uaua ki te kōrero ki te iwi o rerekē ngākau nuitanga, orientations me whakatupuranga ki te kitea i te iti rawa etahi matauranga taketake i roto i te māramatanga o te hītori, pāpori me ngā ngākau nuitanga motu. Tetahi whakaaro, tautautefito ki he taimi tae mai te reira ki te wā Soviet, ka whakatauritea ki te tahi mea atu - he ritenga rawa. Kua ngaro i toe, ki tauwehewehe - te ariā o ngā ngākau nuitanga motu. Etahi, torutoru, anaanatae korero e pā ana ki te raruraru, te atu - te tino ritenga. E kore ngā tohutoro, te mana, i reira he kahore te tahi mea te tikanga whakaaetia.

Hoki te māramatanga o tika katoa ki te mohio te taumata o te ahunga whakamua pūtaiao, me te hangarau i roto i te wā i raro i te arotake, i whakaritea te taumata e te ōhanga me te hapori. Pera i te matara te whakatau i nga kau taki o rongoā te ngākau nuitanga motu me ahakoa taua takotoranga. Anake tenei matauranga whakarato whakautu ki ngā pātai katoa.

Hei matau titau matauranga o te hītori o te STP motu tenei. Just te meka i waihotia i tenei ra te, glossed mo rite tau o te aro, me te ako. E hinaaro tatou i te mehua o te katoa - ngā tukanga, ngā mahi o-whakatau kaihanga. Ko ia kotahi, kotahi anake, ko te atu e kore e me kore e taea e. He haepapa ranei i roto i te hiahia o te motu. Tenei paearu - te clue ki te aromatawai mua o te mea i tupu, whakatau kaupapa here - katoa. Ka kore anake e ia he.

tau tata nei, maha tino, whakahaua ki te mua, korerotia kaimahi ahurea. e kore te mea he "rōpū." kinokore tenei i te nuinga ratou e nga ngākau nuitanga o te tetahi wahi o te hapori, tangohia o te tangata whenua. E riro Artists, kaituhi, a kahore he mahara ki nga turanga o te hapori ki te whakawa i te ari pāpori me ngā tukanga hītori, urutomo puka mahara tūmatanui. meatia tenei i roto i wehe i te wā, te whanaketanga ao. He nui Päkehä, waiho, te tiaturi. aplomb amuamu a categorical hanga tauākī hape. tenei katoa confuses hapori pararutiki i mahara ki nga hapa hītori me ngā ngākau nuitanga motu.

Moscow porowhita hinengaro, i i haere mai i te tukanga i huaina ina ripeneta, he rawa kanorau i roto i o ratou whakaaro, me te māramatanga. fakamanatu ia kaihanga o Papera. Kei te mohiotia te reira i pehea mutu reira ... ofo ahuareka ana mahi, me te whakaitinga motu: "Manapori, haere noa me te tika", "Kahore iwi i roto i te ao atu hanga mo", "Russia - he konga rauemi raw, me te mutunga waiho te ara o nga Powers nui", " Sale o te Empire Russian "(he aha te whakakitenga!), etc, etc ...

wahine pūrotu Kotahi Chekhov o, maha whakarongo ki nga tautohetohe o pūkenga e pā ana ki te raruraru Russian te koiora, parau: "whakaaro ahau ki reira he he otinga, e ka tango ano katoa o koutou pātai ..." tenei whakaaro ao, kotahi noa iwi, e kua roa ngaro pūkenga me i te mea nehenehe o te whakaoti i nga raruraru katoa. Tenei whakaaro - te whanaketanga o te ahunga whakamua pūtaiao, me te hangarau motu. Koinei, herea katoa o to matou aamu ki tenei whakaaro! takahia matou aha te ngākau, me te māia i whakamakuku paru mua e pā ana ki tetahi mea, kahore whakaaro.

Scientific me hangarau te ahunga whakamua, pāpori production - te pūtake o te mana ōhanga me te oranga o te kāwanatanga, te hapori, ngā rauemi whanaketanga me te te pai whai hua. Kia aroha mai, meinga tenei kua he pono whaiaro-kitea (rite huri i te reira i roto i ko) faaapî Huh. Rawa hoki te intelligentsia Moscow, e kerēme ki hei te kaiako o te varua, me te morare. noa rawa me pohehe maitai hohonu.

NTP Domestic - he vzdot-ao te piha haapiiraa i roto i ngā wāhi maha, me te i runga i akina maha. I roto i te tau 50 kua riro te Soviet Union te aronga o te Powers nui. Ko matua tenei e tika ana ki te ngaio tiketike - mātauranga o pūtaiao me Engineers. hoatu matou he rota o ngā whāinga, ka hoatu atu te tuakiri e taea o whakaoti ratou, i hanga he rōpū tino ngaio, me te tikanga tino tika. faatiti'aifarohia raruraru rawa rerekē New i te whakawhetai ki te kaupapa me te iwi nui-pānga, ratou maramarama, taranata, parapara mai ki whiwhita. I roto i te wā rerekē i mohio ai whakatutukitanga tino.

He aha e nga takenga mai o te angitu ahumahi? Aha taea ki te hinga i roto i te Pakanga Tuarua o te Ao i tatou? Reira whakatinana ki te whakatutuki i-ao te piha haapiiraa? He aha e kua ora matou i te whawhai matao? ... He aha e kore ko te ōhanga pai ki reira? He aha e î nga tukanga katoa ki expansions kino? Enei a he tokomaha atu ngā pātai i roto i te kotahi whakahoki: kua hāngai ratou i runga i te ahunga whakamua pūtaiao, me te hangarau, ranei - kahore ratou e whai i tēnei turanga. Ko te take tino hira i roto i te whanaketanga o öhanga whai hua o te iwi tenei.

Kahore he take ki te kōrero ki nga rangatira o nga tauira. To tatou wheako ake, mohio e mahi ao. I roto i nga tau 50 o tenei wheako ko te hiringa i roto i te whakapai ake US pūtaiao me te hangarau mātauranga, me te hanganga o ngā kaimahi ngaio i roto i Japan. taukei tohunga Hainamana te kāhua me te pūtake pūtaiao o te whanaketanga Soviet (i tuku ratou me ngā tuhinga hoahoa, rawa hoki rererangi hanga, tākirirangi). tuhinga Scientific me hangarau tāia i roto i te Hainamana.

E rua tekau nga tau i roto i te Russia tenei taunakitanga hītori katoa, āta whakangaromia rite huakore ki a ratou, panaia faaapî ki te warewaretanga. Ko reira te makanga o te takotoranga taua i whawhati i hanga i roto i te mentality motu whakamutunga.

He aha te mea te take whakatakotoria i roto i te mahi? Tenei whanaketanga hoahoa me te hoahoa me te whanaketanga ahumahi. I roto i te mau rave'a e rave rahi tīmata tenei ki te hanganga o te toi. Te kōkiri i te rangahau te whanaketanga, te whanaketanga production, hoahoa me te whanaketanga o ngā hangarau hou. Ko te tikanga pānga reira me kamupene hāngai, ahumahi me te ngā manga ... hanga tenei katoa he mara motu whānui o te mahi o te iwi, mo te tokomaha ka wahi o to ratou oraraa, me ngā mahi ngaio.

NTP kāinga me te ENGINEERING

Te rau tau rua tekau, whakamua tawhiti shagnuvshy i hangarau ahunga whakamua, he hītori. Ko Humanity i runga i te mimiha o te whakawhitinga ki te tahi mea qualitatively hou, grandiose. Otiia e pā ana ki toru tekau nga tau o pūtaiao, me te hangarau te ahunga whakamua nedoumiyu me iti kau taki tōrangapū me āpiha a te kāwanatanga haere i waho me waho Russia ... to tatou he kaha nui, i utu hōtaka nui-tech. I roto i te mau rave'a e rave rahi arahina te ara, tae a tonu örite i roto i te ao hōia, i roto i te aroraa ki te whenua ahumahi kaha, me te kaha, te tuatahi o te katoa - te United States. marere atu matou ki runga, ka whakaarahia ratou taumata hangarau (ahakoa ki te takamuri). I roto i te tohutohu katoa hanga a tangohia ana nga mau parau tumu pūtaiao o te whanaketanga i roto i ngā wāhi ahumahi katoa. A te reira mīharo.

hanga te ka whakawhanakehia i roto i te wā ki mu'a ', me te ahumahi, me te ara ki te hangarau-ao te piha haapiiraa i kawea mai te Victory i roto i te Pakanga nui Patriotic - te wāhanga kānapanapa me tino mahu'inga o te ahunga whakamua pūtaiao, me te hangarau motu; i roto i te wā kaumātua -. hanga me te whanaketanga o te pūngao karihi, pere me wāhi hōtaka, ngā rārangi hou o Aerospace, te pahi, he maha o peka o engineering aunoa, hikohiko, metallurgy, matū, etc. mahi katoa tenei te i roto i-whare i roto i te noho wehe oti (e kore tatou te hape) o te ōhanga ao .

Te kōrero e pā ana ki tōnounou mua me hē, ka tohutohutia pūnaha ko e kore matou i whai a kihai i mahi (i roto i te rite ki te Te Hau-ā-uru), e kore tetahi e wareware e ko te reira i te totohe (whakauaua kia pera huaina e te ōwehenga o ope) ki te ōhanga o te ao, i te mea kua whakaurua ngā rauemi a te ao - rauemi raw, ahumahi, pūtaiao, me te hinengaro. Ko ngā rauemi o te ao hou. E tekau ngā wā pai ki tatou ratou. Hoki tenei me te huru atu irreconcilably kaikiri ki te Soviet Union ki te wehe ōhanga uaua i te Te Hau-ā-uru. Ae, ko reira matou tōnounoú - totalitarian, whakahaere-whakahau, mana o te careerism whakahaere me te dilettantism, ngutu irrepressible "ostepenennyh" a mirimiria ana tangata whakaaro nui mana, ko wai ka tika rite kaha rawa haavahavaha nei nga mea katoa hinga motu, ka tango atu ... Te whakaatu i te mooni whāinga, he kotiti enei whakapae, engari tohu he ahurei, ara ana ekore e nga tūturu paetae. Käore e kore e te aamu motu ki te moni tipu ka kukume kairangahau rite te whāinga o u'i ngaro, mīharo rite nga whakatutukitanga hangarau, me te pāpori, me ona ketanga.

hinga te wahi o Engineers Russian o whakatupuranga katoa rite he, whakarau kanapa, me te nuinga whakaari noa fakamamahi. I roto i te mahara o te hītori tiaki paetae whakamanamana i o-ao te piha haapiiraa - te hanga pai hangarau me tauira ōrite: patu Victory i te Pakanga II o te Ao, me te rererangi i muri, me te pere me te wāhi hangarau, me te ake. ao Defence tohu te motu o engineering auahatanga, te wahi i reira i te iti rawa etahi marae. A, no te tai'o e koe e pā ana ki te kaha mīharo o te rererangi, PO Maroke, AI Mikoyan, topatopa, ML Mile N. Kamov, i reira te mea he mana'o o te whakapehapeha, me te faahiahia. he tangata anake matau i roto i te toi ka, aha he kaha nui i mea ai i te reira. Kua ahumahi Defense kua raro i te arai o te muna, me te puku. SP noho Korolev he tūranga motuhake i roto i te iwi whānui. Tona tākirirangi, he wāhi wahi o te kaupapa here - te Māoritanga o te mana. Ko e taea ki te huna. I te anga ke, i roto i enei pukapuka, i te aroaro whakatutukitanga tino rite te painga pūnaha. Haapapu, kua whiwhi ratou i roto i te noa'tu o te pūnaha whakahē, matua e tika ana ki te mau tautooraa Titanic o pūtaiao, Engineers, me o SP Korolev.

A i muri, i roto i te ahumahi engineering aunoa - freaks takaro ahumahi, metal- me hārakiraki. He aha e kore e tino tika to tatou hangarau? Ehara i te mea no te mea to tatou Engineers kuware. Rawa i whakaratohia nui kaupapa ki rangatira o ngā tari me ideologues - mangere me korero, "pūkenga" o te ahunga whakamua. hoatu ratou ara ki amateurism rohe me te kuware, formalism, māramatanga parori o te tūranga o Engineers rite nga kaihanga o te hangarau, me te ahunga whakamua pūtaiao, me te hangarau, fetongi tatou tenei tūranga herenga (whakahau - meatia), engari i roto i te meka whakahāweatia kaipūkaha.

I teie mahana, te tukanga o absurdities anake â. Pararutiki a whakangaromia te ahumahi, whakanao, ngā mahi pūtaiao, me te hangarau, te ora o te hapori. te ahunga whakamua Scientific me hangarau, whanaketanga hou - he pūtake o te angitu i roto i te katoa. Te āhua ki te waiho i te pono kitea, engari i mohio tangata. A te reira mīharo. Events i roto i nga tau tata tohu e ki whakaaro ki te māramatanga o te hangarau, me ona Engineers hanga te mea i tupu i roto i nga Heoi me nineties, me te mea e tupu, i reira he rereketanga ... hawhe o to tatou hapori i kaha te mahi kua i roto i te wheketere. Miriona o pūtaiao tino tohu me Engineers i roto i te wāhi tino tiketike-tech kua kawea mai te whenua ki te whakatutuki i te taumata ao. i rite ki te hoatu i to ratou mōhiotanga me te wheako i roto i te whakariterite anō ratou. I te kau ngaro ratou mea katoa. No tetahi tūmanakohia te putanga taua. ko Production tino mate, tono maimoatanga, me ona tika patua.

Hoki te tahi mau take ko tenei pera tonu te ngaro nui, ki tua atu i te māramatanga o te nūpepa, fuu rawa i runga i tāmitanga, ngā tohenga e pā ana ki te manapori kore-whiwhi, herekore, te whakawa, i runga i nga idealizations, wehe i te mooni ... Ko nga kau taki tōrangapū, he tawhiti