India, "Kudankulam" (NPP): whakaahuatanga, hītori me ngā āhuatanga

NPP "Kudankulam" (India), te mahi arumoni o te kōwae tuatahi o i timata Hakihea 31, 2013, i 26 tau i roto i te hoahoa me te hanganga i te atamira, a tu ana e whitu-marama pā i mautohe, ki te riro nui whakato mana karihi te whenua o.

lekooti oti

He kaupapa o ngā tipu te mana karihi, totoro ake, "Kudankulam" - te mana karihi tipu, i te mea he tauira pirimia o tetahi o ratou. Na he aha te hoatu ai ki te nikau? He mea utu mahi i te iti rawa hoki o te maha o nga raruraru e i taea ki te hinga i te teihana. Whanaketanga o te kōwae tuatahi tīmata i roto i 1988, engari kua ora te kaupapa te tiango o te Soviet Union, te aukati te ao, mau fifi ture mutunga, me te amuamu rohe, te wa o te whakawhiti ki te ngangau. "Kudankulam" - te mana karihi tipu, mohiotia hoki tona whakato hou tuatahi hanga i roto i India te whakamahi i te hangarau ke.

Mai 1974, ka whakamatauria te poma ngota i roto i te whenua, ki runga ki te 2008, e kore i whakaaetia India ki tauhokohoko ā-ao hangarau karihi i roto i runga i te Tiriti i runga i te Non-tini o Nuclear Weapons, ki kihai i i uru ai. arahina nga whakamātautau ki te hanganga o te Suppliers Nuclear Group (NSG) - he tinana rauiwi, tae atu te nuinga o nga mana karihi o te ao, i hanga nei ki te aroturuki i te hokohoko te ao i roto i ngā hangarau karihi, e rua hōia, me te harangotengote.

kaimahi pūngao

I roto i te horopaki o te rāhui āwhina ke i takoha India ki te whakamahi i te whakatutukitanga o Russian ahumahi mana karihi. e rua nga wae i Tarapur, hanga e General Electric i 1969, me te rua atu CANDU i roto i Rajasthan, te hanga o te mea i whakatakotoria i roto i te tīmatanga o te tau 1970 te okotahi anake. mahi NPP rua i runga i konukarihi kawemai i raro i te mana o te International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA).

16 atu reactors i India, whakawhanakehia i roto i-whare, me te mahi i runga i te wai taimaha. Kua riro rāhui konukarihi Limited i roto i te whenua i te puna o ngā raruraru tonu ki te supply wahie mo rohe te tipu te mana karihi. Ko reira tika ki te whakawhanake i te hangarau tukatuka wahie, me te ki te whakatinana i tētahi mahere wā roa-mo te whakamahi o rāhui thorium nui - e pā ana ki 13% o nga putunga o tenei huānga matū mohiotia kei roto i India.

Mau fifi i roto i te whanaketanga o te pūngao karihi (whai reactors katoa o te whenua te kaha 202 MW iti ranei) i akina tona ārahitanga ki te rapu huarahi ki te circumvent aukati ao. Ko te hua o tetahi o enei kaupapa ko te "Kudankulam".

kaupapa whakarapa

I roto i te Whiringa 1988, hainatia Pirimia Radzhiv Gandi me Mikhail Gorbachev he whakaaetanga ki te hanga rua wae mana karihi turnkey i roto i Tamil Nadu ki te piere VVER Soviet. a USSR ki te hanga i te teihana, ka whakarite i te wahie e pai kia hoki i muri i te whanaketanga.

Ko fehangahangai te kaupapa ki tutukitanga ka hāpaitia e, no te mea i timata te Soviet Union i roto i 1988 ki te hu'ahu'a roa'tu. Te tau e whai ake nei, i nga whenua o Eastern Europe i raro faatîtîraa Soviet, ki te paruru i to ratou mana motuhake, me te whawhati ake te Soviet Union ano i roto i 1991. Ahakoa kua tangohia te Russian Federation nga herenga USSR i raro i te whakaaetanga i runga i "Kudankulam" NPP, te pae faarava'iraa i kahakina Russia i te 1990, i roto i te wā i waenganui i 1990 me 1995 heke tona ōhanga i 50%, i te auraa e tona kore tonu ki te whakatinana i te kaupapa. Ko te tautohe i waenganui i Russia me Inia i roto i tenei whakaaro kua arahina ki atu takaroa i te whakatinanatanga o te kaupapa. Faahou i ki te kawenata NSG i roto i 1992 kawea atu raruraru rite te United States kī e kore i ū te kaupapa ki te ture hou. ka karanga Various rangatira Indian i te wa reira te wahine.

hau tuarua

Ko te kaupapa tipu te mana karihi i roto i India "Kudankulam" whakatika i nga pungarehu i raro i nga huru tino ohorere. Raruraru ki Pakistan i roto i 1998 arahina ki te raupapa o ngā whakamātautau karihi ngā, i arahina ki te whakatau he ao whānui, me te aukati.

Otiia, i roto i kua whakaritea e te marama o Russia ki whakahauora i te kaupapa o te kawenata hou, hainatia i Pipiri 1998. whakarato "Kudankulam" NPP Development Ture mo te hoahoa me te hanganga o te kamupene kāwanatanga Russian "Atomstroyexport" rua 1000 MW VVER-1000 reactors marama te wai, a ka a India Nuclear Power Corp. (NPCI) ki te tākaro i te tūranga o te kaimātaki o te ahunga whakamua o te mahi. tata te mahi kei te i $ 2.8 piriona, i Russia whakarato taurewa o 64,16 piriona rupee wā roa-. hoatu hoki te kawenata hou Inia te tika ki te tukatuka i te wahie pau ki te "Atomstroyexport" Ka whakarato ha faingamālie taua.

tīmatanga Tere

Construction, mau te kamupene nui rawa Indian Larsen & Toubro, timata i Maehe 2002. Rerekē kaupapa rite, "Atomstroyexport", i tae te pae i te torutoru noa Engineers Russian. Tata kawea nga mahi katoa i roto i ngā umanga o te rohe me te ngaio. I te tīmatanga, te mea katoa kua tohu e ka kia oti te whare i mua o te hōtaka i roto i te Hakihea 2007. I tenei auau, ka haere te hanga i runga i tae noa ki 2004. Hoki tona tautoko me te whakahaere i te tuku o ngā wāhanga taimaha i te tīmatanga o 2004, i hanga ai tata te tauranga, whakaaetia nei ki te kukume taputapu nui tika i runga i te waka papa ki maturuturu iho kaipuke punga tata.

kihai i taea e Engari mau te tere nohopuku.

maha mau fifi

timata te raruraru tuatahi me takaroa i roto i te tuku o te taputapu me te wahi e manawapa i Russia, me te take e pā ana ki te mahere kai. Tenei meinga he āta i hanga, a roto i te mutunga, te takaroa hōtaka ā-tau. Ko te whare nui i runga i te wae te mana tuatahi oti i roto i 2010, me i Hōngongoi timata tona whakamātautau ki te kawenga makanga o wahie. Taimi nounou mei ai, ka rere te kaupapa ki atu, mau fifi atu nui - mooni.

Ahakoa kaimahi whānui o te hiko i roto i te āhua o Tamil Nadu, tīmata te hanga pato'iraa ki te tupu rite whakatata tatou tona mutunga. o nga People Movement ki Nuclear Energy (PMANE), he whakakotahitanga o käinga rohe me kaihao i roto i 2011, i muri i te kino i roto i Maehe i te tipu te mana karihi "Fukushima-1" i roto i Japan ka anga ki te whakakorikori ki te teihana. Ko te takutai o Tamil Nadu patua e te miti faaî i te Indian Ocean i 2004, sparking mataku o te tukurua o te kino Japanese.

ārai NPP

I roto i te Mahuru, i te aroaro o te whakaritea mo te ngahuru o te utanga wahie tuatahi, me te tīmata i roto i Hakihea, ka anga reira whiwhi i te pae o te hanga. Mahuru 22 Ko te Rünanga Käwanatanga o Minita o State haere te taumira tono te whakatārewatanga o te mahi katoa ki te whakamārama āwangawanga e pā ana ki te haumaru o te tipu.

Tae noa Maehe tau i muri mai, haere mautohe kore ake atu i te 50 kaimahi ia neke, te taea reira ki te mahi noa. tae te maha o demonstrators i ngā wā e rave rahi mano.

Whakarewatanga o te atamira tuatahi

Kua amuamu turakina e te raruraru pūngao i roto i te āhua i roto i te puna o te tau i muri mai, meinga hapa mana i te 4 MAORI. Ko te riri o te hiko Rūnanga whakamuri tona whakatau mua, me te karanga a mo te whakaaetanga ohorere o te tipu te mana karihi "Kudankulam". mana karihi, Heoi, i whai wāhi i roto i te whakamatautauranga, ahakoa te whakatau o te Hupirimi Kooti i roto i te Mahuru 2012, kua whakakahoretia ano ia e ārai i te utanga o te wahie karihi.

I te wa ano rahi matou whakahe ki te teihana, tahuri ētahi wā ki te tutu, i hiahiatia te aroaro o nga mano o ngā pirihimana ki te tiaki i te teihana. E kore te ina tohe ia ki te tipu te mana karihi i oti ra ano Haratua 2013, ka hopea tukunga te Hupirimi Kooti te take. Otiia, ko te roa e tika ana ki te amuamu, te raruraru hanga, nui haere te utu o te kaupapa i $ 1 piriona.

Ko te poraka tuatahi tīmata tau 1 i roto i te Hōngongoi 2013 mana-iti whakamātautau tonu i runga i te marama e whai ake nei, a ka rere wae mana 100% i Pipiri 9. whakamahi arumoni o te mana karihi timata Hakihea 21, 2014 ki te whakangungu kaimahi o NPP "Kudankulam" (India) "Atomtekhenergo".

gigawatts tuarua

whakarewahia te tuarua "Kudankulam" NPP ki te kaha o 1000 MW i runga i Hōngongoi 10, 2016. riro ia te 22 pūrere karihi th i roto i India me te rua o nga wai pressurized.

I muri i taua, i roto i 45 ra o wae mana-whakaputa timata ki te whakaputa i 400 MW o hiko, me i August i hono ki te whatunga. Generation o hiko āta ka whakanui i ki 500, 750, 900, me 1000 MW. I muri tāpiri 1,000 MW i te wāhanga tuarua o te whatunga tonga o te kaha tāutatia o te mana karihi i roto i India ka nui ake i te nāianei 5780 ki te 6780 MW.

E ai ki a NPCIL, ka mau te whakarewanga tuatahi wahi i muri i ngā te pūnaha aromatawai rite katoa o nga paearu me tautukunga ki te whakaritenga whakaritea e ture, me ngā ture o te Nuclear Regulatory Kaunihera (AERB).

ta NPCIL e "Kudankulam" - te mana karihi tipu, i te mea rerekē ngā āhuatanga haumaru arā atu, te paerewa o te ao e hāngai ana. Reactors Generation III + ngā kaha, me te hāngū pūnaha haumaru pērā i te pūnaha hāngū tango wera, recombiners hauwai, matua rore accumulators me pūnaha boron i werohia tere.

opuaraa pūkohukohu

whakaritea "Kudankulam" NPP te whakaaetanga o te atamira tuarua te mo te tīmatanga o 2017, i raro ki te haere tonu o te mahi tahi i waenganui i India ko Russia, e taea te atu ki runga ki te 6-8 wae. Puta noa i te whenua whakaritea ki te hanga 20 taua reactors.

hainatia Whakaaetanga i runga i te toru me te wha o nga wae i roto i April 2014 mo te moni o 330 piriona rupee ($ 5.5 piriona). Kua Ko tōna whakatinanatanga kua roa e tika ana ki te hanganga ture kāore ki te ture i roto i 2010 i runga i Taunahatanga Civil mō te tūkino Karihi, e whiwhi NPCI tono utu i te kaiwhakarato tipu i roto i te hui o te aituā meinga e te taputapu hē.

Tenei taunahatanga pea haukotia kamupene ke ngana ki te mahi i mahi i roto i India, ahakoa te whakaaetanga i 2008, o NSG, i whakatuwheratia ake te whenua ki te tauhokohoko ā-ao i roto i te rauemi karihi.

otinga tau

Mau a'oraa i waenganui India me te Russian "Rosatom", i roa wha tau, rite te anga ki te haere tonu i te tauwhitinga. Mohoa noa nei, Russia he anake te whenua kua tae e te kawenata, kia rite ki nei Indian kamupene inihua kāwanatanga-fatuhia General Insurance Co. Ka arotake i ia wāhanga o reactors, a ka rapu i te moni inihua-tau 20 ki te taupoki ana pakaru pea. tikanga te utu o ngā waeine mana hou te ki whakaata i tēnei huarahi hou.

e kore e ngā whakapono e haere mai enei mahere hao ki te pūāwaitanga o, rite whakatika pātai e te hunga ahurei ki te kāwanatanga Indian me te rāngai ture, a kia whakaroa tōrangapū te whakamahinga o te hangarau karihi. Otiia, i te angitu o "Kudankulam" NPP he take mō te mariu i roto i te rängai pūngao te whenua o te i roto i te hiahia kia päpähotia o te pūngao karihi.