Kaihōpara Russian me haere o te rau tau 19. ngā āhuatanga matawhenua Meiha

kaihōpara Russian me haere o te rau tau 19 i hanga he maha o ngā āhuatanga tino, i meinga te taonga o kahore anake Russian engari ano hoki ke, te ao o te pūtaiao. I tua atu, kua hanga e ratou he wāhi nui ki te whanaketanga o te matauranga rohe, me te kua mahi he rota ki whai wāhi ki te whakangungu o ngā kaimahi hou mo te whanaketanga o te rangahau moana.

hiahiatanga

kaihōpara Russian me haere o te rau tau 19 kawea ana ngā āhuatanga te nuinga no te mea i roto i tenei rau tau kua kitea i te hiahia ki te rapu mō ngā ara hokohoko hou me ngā whai wāhitanga ki te tautoko i nga whanaunga o Russia ki ētahi atu whenua. I te mutunga o te XVIII - rau wawe XIX, hopea whakatōpū to matou whenua tona mana i roto i te ao ao rite te mana ao. Noatia, kua whakawhānui tenei kai hou ona wāhi ka hāpaitia e, i hiahiatia rangahau hou o nga moana, motu me rohe o te moana mo te hanganga o ngā tauranga, kaipuke, me te hokohoko ki te whenua ke.

ka mau kaihōpara Russian me haere o te rau tau 19 wahi kia rite ki te kaiwhakatere pūmanawa ko tika i te wa rawa ka to tatou whenua e whai wāhi ki te rua moana: ko te Baltic ko Black. A he reira kahore tāpiritanga. Tenei whakatuwheratia ake whai wāhitanga hou mō te rangahau moana, ka hoatu whanaketanga ki te hanga me te whanaketanga o nga Munuwao, take moana i roto i te whānui. Ehara i te mea maere e i roto i te tekau tau tuatahi o te kaihōpara Russian rau whakaaro me haere o te rau tau 19 kawea i roto i te maha o rangahau tino, e nui taonga te pūtaiao matawhenua Russian.

ope Mahere ao

hanga tēnei kaupapa i whakawhetai taea i roto i te wahi ki ngā mahi hōia angitu i roto i to tatou whenua i roto i te mutunga o te rau tau XVIII. I taua wa, i te whai wāhi ki te hanga i tona kaipuke i roto i te Moana Black, o te akoranga, ko nei, ki te whakatenatena kaumoana a Russia. kaiwhakatere Russian i tenei wa ki te tino whakaata i runga i te meka e takoto ara hokohoko watea. Kei te nui ake whakahaerehia tenei i te meka e puritia to matou whenua i te i roto i Amerika Te Tai Tokerau Alaska. Mai reira hoki tika i ki mau tonu whanaunga tūturu me whakawhanake mahi tahi ōhanga.

IF Kruzenshtern i roto i te mutunga o te rau tau XVIII, kawea ano e ia he mahere mō te ope ao. Heoi, ka a kapea ana ia. Otiia tika i te tau torutoru i muri i te kingitanga o Alexander ahau, kua whakaaturia te kāwanatanga Russian he moni i roto i te mahere tuku. riro ia whakaae.

whakangungu

IF Kruzenshtern haere mai i te utuafare pai. ako ia i te corps manuao Kronstadt me te tona akonga, ka mau wahi i roto i te whawhai ki a Sweden, i te ka whakamatauria pai ratou. I muri i taua i tonoa e ia mo te whakangungu ki Ingarangi, i reira riro ia he mātauranga pai. Ki runga ki tona hokinga ki Russia aroaro ia he mahere mō te ope ao. I muri i te fariiraa i whakaae, āta rite hoki ia, ka hokona e ia te taputapu pai me kaipuke rawa.

Tona kaiāwhina tata i roto i tenei take ko tona hoa Yuriy Fodorovich Lisyansky. Ki te ia hoki i roto i te Cadet Corps faahoa ia. hoki ia kua kï ia rite te āpiha manuao pūmanawa i roto i te Pakanga Russian-Swedish o 1788-1790 tau. Kua kua kitted i hohoro rua kaipuke i raro i te ingoa o "Neva" me "Hope". Te tiaki whakamutunga, Count Nikolai Rezanov, hanga rongonui i te opera toka rongonui. whakaturia te ope rere i roto i te 1803. Ko tōna whakaaro ko ki te tirotiro me te tūhura i te taea o te iritiraa i ara hokohoko hou i Russia ki Haina me te rohe o te rohe American Te Tai Tokerau.

kauhoe

häunga kaihōpara Russian Cape Horn, a haere atu ki te Pacific Ocean, e tahuri iho. arahina Yuriy Fodorovich Lisyansky tona kaipuke ki takutai American Te Tai Tokerau, i whakaorangia nga Inia tauhokohoko pa Russian riro o Novo-Arkhangelsk. I roto i tenei haere puritia hoki ia mo te wa tuatahi i roto i te aamu o te kaipuke whakatere rere huri noa Āwherika ki te Tonga.

Ko te kaipuke "Hope" arahina e rere huinga Kruzenshtern i te Moana o Hapani. Ko te kaiaka o tenei kairangahau ko e tino ia rangahaua te rohe o te moutere o Sakhalin, a kua meinga tino whakarerekētanga ki te mahere. Heoi, ko te matua whakaaro o te haerenga ko ki te tūhura i te mangai o te awa Amur, i roto i kua roa te mea kua ārahitanga hiahia o te Pacific Fleet. Kruzenshtern tomo te Amur wahapū, ka, te tūhura i te takutai o Kamchatka, ka hoki ia ki tona whenua.

whai Kruzenshtern ki pūtaiao

Kua whakatu a ngā kaihōpara Russian pūtaiao matawhenua tino Russian mā te mau mai i te reira ki te taumata o te whanaketanga ao. Tenei ope kua ngā te aro o te iwi whānui. I muri i te mutunga o te haere i tuhituhi e rua ngā pukapuka i roto i nei i te aroaro o nga hua o to ratou rangahau. Kruzenshtern whakaputaina "te takiwā i te Ao", engari o te faufaa ngā tukua te ratou ki te mahere tono hydrographic. whakakiia ia maha wahi ma i runga i te mahere, i te ako tino o te moana, me ngā moana. Ko te kupu, Kei te ako reira me te pēhanga o te pāmahana wai, ngā wai, ngā tai.

ngā mahi Outdoor

Kua kua tata hono tona mahi muri ki te Marine Corps, i tautuhi tuatahi wahi ia kaitirotiro. I muri, i reira ko te whakaako, a ka ahu te reira katoa. E ai ki tona kaupapa, nga Karaehe Āpiha Higher. I roto i te heke mai, kua puta ratou te Naval Academy. Kruzenshtern whakaurua pekanga hou i roto i te tukanga mātauranga. Tenei tino nui haere te kounga o te kaumoana whakaako.

I tua atu, i āwhina ia ki te whakarite i ētahi atu haerenga, i roto i ngā ki te whakahaere i nga mahere o tetahi kairangahau rongonui O. Kotzebue. whai wāhi Krusenstern i te hanga o te Society rongonui Russian Geographical, i meake tetahi i ki noho he tūranga ārahi i roto i Russia kore anake, engari ano hoki i roto i te ao o te pūtaiao. O te faufaa ngā mo te whanaketanga o te geography i tukua ratou "Atlas Moana ki te Tonga".

Te faaineineraa o te ope hou

Kruzenshtern i te tau torutoru i muri i tohe tona haere i runga i te ako tino o te ahopae tonga. whakaarohia e ia ki te pīkau i rua haerenga ki te Te Tai Tokerau, me Tonga amo o kaipuke e rua ia. I mua ki tenei kaiwhakatere J. Cook tata haere mai tata ki te Tiri o, engari i araia ia ki te haere i runga i te huka. Katahi te haere rongonui fokotu'u e ono o te fenua rānei e kore e tīariari, kāore e āhei ki a ia ranei.

I roto i te tau 1819, kua whakaritea e te kāwanatanga Russian ki te pūeru i te matua hoia hou mō te kaukau. Faddey Faddeevich Bellinsgauzen, i muri i whakaritea he maha o takaroa i tona kaiwhakahaere. I whakaritea e te reira ki te hanga rua kaipuke: "rangimarie" me "Te Tai Rāwhiti". Tuatahi hangaia e mahere pūtaiao Russian. He roa, me te parewai ia. Heoi, ko te tuarua hanga i roto i te UK, ko iti eu, na e te mea kahore he wa ki akatuia, hanga me te hanga. Takanga me te hanga arahina Mikhail Lazarev, e amuamu e pā ana ki te taupatupatu o nga oko e rua.

haere ki te tonga

whakatakotoria atu te ope hou i roto i te 1819. tae ia Brazil me apaoterau te tuawhenua, ka haere ki te Sandvicheskim motu. I roto i te Hānuere 1820 kitea ope Russian te fenua te ono - Antarctica. I roto i nekeneke a tawhio i kitea ai, ka whakaahuatia maha motu. I roto i taea te huaina i te āhuatanga tino nui te motu o Pita ahau, Alexander I. Tai ki te hanga i te whakaahuatanga e tika ana o nga rohe, me te huahua o kararehe kitea i runga i te fenua hou, rere hoki Faddey Faddeevich Bellinsgauzen.

I roto i te haerenga, i hanga i roto i te tua ki te rapunga o Antarctica i te tahi atu ite. Hei tauira, kitea kaiuru e te Sandwich whenua - te reira i te tinomoutere katoa. I tua atu, whakaahuatia ana e ia te motu o South Georgia. O te faufaa ngā he whakaahuatanga o te fenua hou. Mikhail Lazarev ki tona kaipuke i te whai wāhi ki te mataara i te pai o te whenua, na he o uara ngā ki pūtaiao nga kitenga.

Te tikanga ngā āhuatanga

Ope o 1819-1821 tau i o faufaa nui mo te geography motu me te ao. Opening o te hou, te ono o fenua, tahuri te whakaaro o te geography o te whenua. Kua whakaputaina haere rua nga hua o to ratou ako i roto i te rua buka ki te tono satin me ngā tohutohu e tika ana. I roto i te haerenga kua reira e pā ana ki toru tekau motu whakaahuatia, i hanga drawings nehenehe o ngā momo i roto i te Antarctica me tona kararehe. I tua atu, ka huihui te mau melo o te ope te kohinga taketake ahurei, i pupuri nei i University Kazan.

atu mahi

muri tonu Bellinghausen tona mahi manuao. uru ia i roto i te pakanga Russian-Turkish o 1828-1829, i whakahau o te Baltic Tāruru, a muri i whakaritea kawana o mua. He tohu o te āhukahuka o ona ratonga ko te meka e te ingoa reira i muri i te raupapa o ngā āhuatanga matawhenua. Tuatahi, e ti'a ia tatou whakahua te moana i roto i te Pacific Ocean.

piro hoki Lazarev i muri i tona haerenga rongonui ki te Tiri o. I whakaritea ano e ia rangatira o te ope ki te takutai o Amerika Russian Protection o smugglers ki i pai te me ia te whakahaere. I muri mai i whakahau te Black Moana Fleet, whai wāhi i roto i te pakanga o Navarino, hoki i riro ia te maha o ngā tohu. Na, nga kaihōpara nui o Russia hanga ano tona mahi nui ki te te whanaketanga o te matawhenua.