Kaitito faahiahia o te Renaissance

Aamu Jules Michelet i te rau tau XIX, ko reira te wa tuatahi i whakamahia te wā "Renaissance". Kaiwaiata me kaitito, ka e kia kōrero i roto i tenei tuhinga no ki te wā i timata i roto i te rau tau XIV, ka ki te whakakapi haere mai te faatîtîraa hahi wharekarakia te ahurea fakamāmaní, me tona moni i roto i te tangata te tangata.

Music o te Renaissance

whenua Pākehā i ngā wā rerekē, kua tomo te wā hou. whakaaro He iti mua o te humanism puta i Itari, engari i roto i te ahurea waiata nuinga e te kura Tatimana, te wahi i whakapumautia te tuatahi motuhake parametrized (wharau) i te whare karakia, whakangungu kaitito heke mai. Ko te momo matua o te wa e whakaaturia i roto i te ripanga i raro nei:

Ko te tino kaitito rongonui o te Renaissance i te Netherlands - ko Giyom Dyufai, Hakopa Obrecht, Josquin des Prez.

Dutch nui

I kuraina Johannes Ockeghem i Notre Dame parametrized (Antwerp) me i roto i te 40-doma o te fare pureraa XV rau ka he himene i te marae o Duke Charles ahau (France). Muri iho, ka arahina e ia i te fare pureraa o te marae kingi. Ka noho ki te koroheketanga, kua mahue ia he tukufakaholo nui i roto i momo katoa, ka whakamatauria ia he polyphonists tino. Tae tatou i te tuhinga o tona tini 13 huaina Chigi codex, tetahi o i peita i runga i te 8 ngā pōti. e kore ia e whakamahia anake ki ētahi atu iwi, engari ano hoki ratou ake rangi.

whanau Orlando Mārei i roto i te mea he inaianei Belgium (Mons) i roto i te 1532-m. Ko tona kaha waiata i roto i te kōhungahunga. I kahakina te tamaiti i te whare, e toru ngā wā ki te hanga i te kaiwhakatangitangi nui. Katoa tona ora pau ia i roto i Bavaria, i reira Albrecht V i Duke marae mahi rite te tikanga, a ka arahina te fare pureraa. Ua tauturu Ko tōna rōpū tino ngaio taui Munich i roto i te pokapū waiata Pākehā, tae mai e maha kaitito rongonui o te Renaissance.

Ki a ia i haere mai e matou ki te ako i taua taranata rite Johann Eckard, Leonard Lechner, Italian D. Gabrieli. Tona okiokinga whakamutunga i roto i te mita 1594 i kitea e ia i runga i te rohe o te hahi i roto i Munich, mahue he tukufakaholo rahi: neke atu i te 750 motets, 60 tini me rau o waiata, i roto i nei ko te tino rongonui Susanne un jour. Innovation titore motets reira ( "Kikite o te Sibyls"), engari kei te mohiotia e ia te whakawhetai ki te waiata fakamāmaní, i ko te rota o te arearea (vilanella e Bella fusa).

kura Italian

kaitito faahiahia o te Renaissance i Itari i tua ki te wāhi tuku iho o kaha whakawhanake waiata mauhaa (okana, string & piko mea, piana). Ko te mea tino noa ko te hatere, me i te mutunga o te rau tau XV reira ko he harpsichord - te mua o te piana. I runga i te pūtake o te ngā huānga o te iwi waiata tipu e rua kura tino whai mana o te hanganga: Roma (Giovanni Palestrina) me Venetian (Andrea Gabrieli).

ka mau Dzhovanni Perluidzhi Palestrina te ingoa o te ingoa o te pa e tata ana Roma, te wahi i whanau ai ia, ka mahi rite te hamonia hahi matua me te tino kaiwhakatangi. Ko te tino āwhiwhiwhi tona rā o whanautanga, heoi mate ia i roto i 1594-m. Hoki te ora roa i tuhituhi e pā ana ki 100 200 tini me motets. Tona "Mass o Pope Marcellus" whītiki te faahiahia o Pope Pius IV, a ka meinga he tauira o te waiata tapu Katorika. Giovanni - te māngai tino nui o te waiata waiata kahore te hatere.

Andrea Gabrieli, tahi me tona ākonga me te irāmutu o Giovanni mahi i roto i te fare pureraa o (rau XVI) o St. Mark, "Tae" pŭpŭ himene waiata okana tangi, me te tahi atu mea. gravitated Venetian Kura ki waiata fakamāmaní, me te hanga o "Oedipus" e Sophocles runga i te atamira, i tuhituhia Andrea Gabrieli Choir waiata, te tauira waiata tira polyphony me te tīwaiwaka o te heke mai o te opera.

Āhuatanga o te kura Tiamana

whenua Tiamana hoatu mua e Ludwig Senfl, pai polyphonist te rau tau XVI, e kore kua tae, Heoi, ko te taumata o te rangatira Tatimana. Songs o pehe-kaiwaiata i roto i kaimahi (Die Meistersinger) - he ano hoki he waiata motuhake o te Renaissance. kaitito Tiamana i waiata Corporation: tinkers, hūmeka, kaiwhatu. i piri ratou e te rohe. timata He māngai tino o te kura Nuremberg waiata Gans Saks (tau o te ora: 1494-1576).

Fanauhia i roto i te utuafare o tailors, katoa tona ora mahi ia hamani tiaa, patu mōhiotanga, me ngā ngākau nuitanga puoro, me te tuhituhi. lau ia te Tohi Tapú i te tikanga o te reforomatio nui Luther, i mohio nga kaitito tawhito me mauruuru e Boccaccio. Ka rite ki te kaiwhakatangitangi iwi, i Sachs kore ake momo o polyphony, engari i hanga te himene o te waiata whare putunga. i tata ki te kanikani ratou, e mea ohie ki te mahara me te whai i te tetahi manawataki. Ko te mahi tino rongonui ko "rangi hiriwa".

Renaissance: kaiwaiata France me kaitito

ahurea waiata French ki te wheako pono he anō anake i roto i te rau tau XVI, ka rite whenua pāpori i roto i te whenua.

Ko tētahi o nga māngai pai ko Kleman Zhaneken. Kei te mohiotia te reira e i whanau ia i roto i Chatellerault (mutunga o te rau tau XV) a haere i waiata-tamaiti ki te kaitito whaiaro o te kingi. O tiaki tona kainga tupu toi waiata fakamāmaní anake whakaputaina Attenyanom. ko ratou 260, engari rongo tūturu roaa e te hunga e kua haere te whakamātautau o te wā: "manu", "Hunting", "Skylark", "War", "aue o Paris". tonu nene'i ratou, ka whakamahia e te ētahi atu mō te tukatuka.

kua keakea ana waiata me rite nga scenes waiata tira, i reira i roto i te tua ki te onomatopoeia me cantilena o reo hamama reira te kawenga mō te akiaki o te mahi. Ko te whakamātau maia ki te kitea tikanga hou o te whakaahua.

I roto i te kaitito rongonui i roto i France - Guillaume nga kohua i, Zhak Modyui, Baifa Jean Claude Lejeune, Claude Gudimel, homai te waiata i te whare putunga mauritau, i whai wāhi ki te whakawhenumi o te waiata i te iwi whānui.

Kaitito o te Renaissance Ingarangi

rautau XV i Ingarangi ka mau wahi i raro i te mana o nga mahi o John Dabsteyla me XVI - Uilyama Borda. tiaki rangatira rua ki te waiata i te pae varua. tīmata Bird hamonia i Lincoln Cathedral, a mutu tona mahi i roto i te Royal Chapel i London. Hoki te wā tuatahi i taea ki te pā ana ki te waiata, me te rakahinonga ia. I roto i 1575, i roto i te mahi tahi ki te kaitito ka Tallis he monopolist i te whakaputanga o nga mahi waiata kihai i e ia kawea pai. Otiia ka mau te wa roa i roto i te marae tiakina tika ratou ki te taonga. I muri i tona matenga (1623) i roto i te tuhinga e pā ana o te fare pureraa, i huaina e ia "te kaiwhakarewa o te waiata."

He aha i mahue ngā muri nga kaitito nui o te Renaissance? Bird haunga tāia e whakaputaina (Cantiones Sacrae, Gradualia) kua tiaki maha tuhinga, whakaaro ratou tika anake hoki ratonga kāinga. Whakaputaina madrigals muri (Musica Transalpina) whakakitea he mana nui o kaituhi Italian, engari e rave rahi tini me motets tomo te moni koura o te waiata tapu.

Spain Cristobal de Morales

Ko te māngai pai o te kura waiata Spanish haere i roto i te Vatican, korero i roto i te fare pureraa Rome. Ua ite ratou i te pānga o te kaituhi Tatimana me Italian, reira, whakahaere he torutoru noa ki te riro rongonui waho te whenua. Renaissance kaitito i Spain nga polyphonists hanga mahi waiata tira. Ko te māngai e kānapanapa - Cristobal de Morales (XVI rau), nana nei i arahina te parametrized i roto i Toledo me te mātauranga ake atu i te kotahi ngā ākonga. He muimui o Josquin des Prez, Cristobal privnos technique motuhake i roto i te raupapa o mahi i huaina homophonic.

riro te rongonui nui e rua Kaituhi requiem (whakamutunga - rima pōti) ". He tangata mau patu", me te te Mass tuhituhi ia me mahi fakamāmaní (te cantata i te honore o te tiriti te rongo i roto i 1538), engari pā reira ki ana mahi mua. Ahu ki roto ki te mutunga o te ora o te fare pureraa i roto i te Malaga, noho ia te kaituhi o te waiata tapu.

hei utu o te mutunga

kua rite kaitito o te Renaissance, a ratou mahi i te whaihua o te waiata mauhaa o te rau tau XVII, me te putanga o te momo hou - te opera, i whakakapi i te āhua kūware o maha reo haere mai aoniu o ārahi te himene. I hanga e ratou he pakaruhanga tūturu i roto i te whanaketanga o te tikanga puoro, ka tohua te timatanga o te toi hou.