Karaehe o IP-wāhitau. IP-wāhitau o te piha haapiiraa A, B, C

IP - ko te kawa, whakamahia nei e te nuinga whatunga iti o ngā pūrere e rua ki te whatunga mōhiohio ao. IP-wāhitau - he pūtāutu ahurei mo te kōpuku ngā (pūrere), tohaina ki te tetahi whatunga.

Tuhi IP-wāhitau

rite te tau moka-32 i roto i te awhe titiro Wāhitau i 0 ki te 4294967295. tikanga tenei kia roto i neke atu i te 4 piriona wāhitau ahurei tino whakaurunga puta noa te Internet. Ki te nga wāhitau record i roto i te puka ā-rua ira ranei, faatupu te reira ratou hūhi i roto i to ratou aauraa tukatuka ranei. Na reira, ki te faaohie tuhituhi o enei wāhitau, i whakaritea e te reira ki te wehe i te wāhitau ki tonu ki octets wha (tau moka-8), wehea e te ira. Hei tauira: te wāhitau i roto i Hex titiro rite S0290612, ka titiro tuhi IP-wāhitau rite 192.41.6.18. I roto i tenei take, i te wāhitau i raro - ko te wha ngā kore, me te mōrahi tenei - wha ngā rōpū o 255. Ko te rohe matamua (te tetahi kei e te i te rōpū taha maui o whika i tetahi o nga ngā rohe) noho te rohe wāhitau, te rohe whakaotinga (i te taha ki matau i te wāhi wehenga taua ) e whakaatu ana te maha o te atanga i runga i taua whatunga. Ko te tūranga o te rohe i waenganui i te ope, me te wahi whatunga tei runga i te maha o nga paraire i i tangohia ki he rerekē te tau whatunga, he anake te wehenga i te rohe octet (te wāhi i waenganui ia ratou) me ka taea ki a koe te tautuhi akomanga o IP-wāhitau.

tauira Class wāhitau

E wahia maha ngā tekau tau wāhitau ki 5 ngā akomanga. pau te reira i ki te kau, kua huaina te wehenga whakatutuki polnoklassovoy. ka karanga Karaehe o IP-wāhitau e pukapuka o te tātai reta i te ki E. Ko te A akomanga ki E hanga reira taea ki te whakapūtā pūwehe mō te 128 whatunga ki 16 miriona o atanga whatunga ia, pūrere 16,384 whatunga ki 64 mano me 2 miriona whatunga ki 256 atanga. whatunga IP-hāngai Karaehe e whakaratohia D mo te multicasting, i roto i nei e tonoa pākete karere ki nga mano maha wā kotahi. E waiho e wāhitau e whai paraire tuatahi 1111 mō te whakamahi heke mai.

Kei raro ko te tepu o IP-wāhitau. E tautuhia e te paraire wāhitau matua akomanga.

piha haapiiraa A

Kei te āhuatanga e ārahi i te rahi wāhitau kore moka me moka-waru no ki te whatunga IP-wāhitau o te piha A. I tuhituhia i roto i te puka:

Nä, ko te maha nui o Class A whatunga taea e 2 ^7, engari ka whai ia o ratou he wāhi wāhitau o ²⁴ ngā pūrere ^tanguru. Mai i te bit tuatahi o te wāhitau ko 0, katahi ka waiho i te IP-wāhitau katoa o te piha haapiiraa te i roto i te whānuitanga octet tiketike-tikanga i 0 ki te 127, e, ano, ka waiho i te whatunga me te tau. I roto i tenei take, kua waiho e te wāhitau kore me 127 mo wāhitau pakihi, kia kore e taea e ratou te whakamahi i. Hoki tenei take, te maha tangohia o Class A whatunga ōrite 126.

I raro i te wāhitau kōpuku i roto i te piha haapiiraa i faataahia te whatunga 3 paita (24 paraire ranei). E whakaatu ana tātai Simple e he reira taea ki te tuu 16777216 ngā ā-rua (wāhitau atanga). Mai wāhitau ngā katoa o ngā kore, me te hunga, he motuhake, ka heke te piha haapiiraa te tau whatunga te ki 16.777.214 wāhitau.

Karaehe B me C

Ka waiho i te āhuatanga matua o te Class b IP-wāhitau he rite ki te 16 paraire te uara o rua nga paraire tino nui rite ki te 10. Ko te rahi o te wahi whatunga. Ko te hōputu o te whatunga ko e whai ake:

Hoki tenei take, te maha nui o whatunga B piha e taea e 2 ¹⁴ (16384) ki te wāhi wāhitau 2 ¹⁶ ia. IP-wāhitau o tīmatanga piha B i te whānuitanga i 128 ki te 191. Ko te āhuatanga e e taea e koe te whakatau i te whatunga no ki taua piha haapiiraa. E rua paita, whakahuatia wāhitau enei whatunga, haunga kore me te arā, o ngā waeine o wāhitau kia hanga i te maha o kōpuku rite ki te 65.534.

Tetahi IP-wāhitau ko tīmata he Class C i roto i te whānui i 192 ki te 223, me te tau whatunga ni'ai toru te octet ārahi. wāhitau Schematically He te hanganga e whai ake nei:

E toru paraire tuatahi he moka 24-110, wahi whatunga. Ko te maha rawa o whatunga i roto i tenei piha ko ^{21 Pepuere} (ko 2,097,152 kupenga tenei). I raro i te wāhitau kōpuku i roto i te IP-wāhitau o whatunga C piha i 1 paita, he reira 254 mano.

akomanga whatunga atu

I roto i ngā akomanga D me te E ngā whatunga ki octet teitei i runga 224. E waiho e ēnei wāhitau mō ngā take motuhake pērā i, mo te tauira, multicasting - tuku o datagrams ki ngā rōpū motuhake o kōpuku i roto i te whatunga.

Kei te whakamahia ngā Class D mō te tuku pākete me te teka i roto i te whānui i te 224.0.0.0 ki 239.255.255.255. i whakatoea Last E piha te mo te whakamahi heke mai. Kei roto te reira i te wāhitau o te 240.0.0.0 ki 255.255.255.255. Na reira, ki te kore koe e hiahia raruraru ki te whakatutuki, ko reira tika e kore e ki te tango i te IP-wāhitau o enei awhe.

Reserved IP-wāhitau

He wāhitau e kore e taea te hoatu ki tetahi whakaaro, mea katoa te IP-whakatutuki. Utauta IP-wāhitau i te whakaaro motuhake. Hei tauira, ki te ngā i te wāhitau whatunga o ngā kore, te auraa e pā ana te kōpuku ki te whatunga o nāianei ranei te wāhanga ngā. Ki te nga wae katoa - e ko te wāhitau mō pākete pāhotanga mēra.

I roto i te piha haapiiraa A, i reira e rua whatunga whakatapua motuhake ki te tau 0 me 127. Ko te wāhitau kore whakamahia te rite te ara taunoa, me 127 whakaaturanga te whakatika ki ano (te atanga loopback). Hei tauira, te tikanga maimoatanga o te 127.0.0.1 IP e paraparau anake te kōpuku ki ano, kahore haere datagrams i runga i te reo raraunga. e kore he rerekē i te hononga ki te ope mamao hoki te hononga apa waka, na kei te maha i te wāhitau loopback whakamahia ki te whakamātau i pūmanawa whatunga.

Tautuhi TT whatunga me te ope

E matau te IP-wāhitau o te pūrere i roto i te take i reira i reira ko te pātai e pā ana ki te pehea, ki te whakatau i te piha haapiiraa o te IP-wāhitau, ka titiro noa i te octet tuatahi o te wāhitau. Ki te he te reira 1 ki te 126, tenei piha haapiiraa te whatunga, i 128 ki te 191 - he Class B whatunga, i 192 ki te 223 - C. piha whatunga

Ki te tautuhi i kia mahara te whatunga i roto i te te piha haapiiraa ko te tau tīmata i roto i te IP-wāhitau ki B - te rua tau tuatahi i roto i te C - tuatahi e toru tau. Etahi he pūwehe o atanga whatunga (kōpuku). Hei tauira, IP-wāhitau ko te wāhitau o 139.17.54.23 piha B, mai te tau tuatahi - 139 - nui atu i 128 me iti iho i te 191. Na reira, ko te pūtāutu whatunga he rite 139.17.0.0, kōpuku pūtāutu - 54,23.

whatu

Ki te awhina o pouara me piriti i te whai wāhi ki te whakawhānui i tō whatunga mā te tāpiri wāhanga ki reira, wehe ai ki whatu iti na roto i te huri i te ID whatunga ranei. I roto i tenei take i tangohia kanohi whatu e tohu ka whakamahia e wāhanga IP-wāhitau hei pūtāutu o te whatu hou. A, no te Ko te taua nga TT, ka taea e koe faaoti e no te kōpuku ki te whatu ā taua, te kore e waiho e ratou i roto i te tētaih rerekē me te hiahia pouara ki te hono a ratou.

E hangaia akomanga IP-wāhitau kia hoki te maha etahi o pae whatunga ka tautuhia i roto i te mua. Na roto i te taunoa, ka taea e te whakahaere tohatoha anake te whatunga kotahi ki te maha o ngā pūrere whatunga-hono. He he he tetahi pūtāutu whatunga me te maha o kōpuku he rāhuitanga i runga ki te piha haapiiraa whatunga. Ki te maha nui o kōpuku ka hei whatunga hōkaiipurangi iti, no te mea noa ki e taka tetahi mahi pāhotanga.

kopare whatu

I roto i te tikanga ki te wehe i te ID, me te whakamahi koe i te kanohi whatu - te tauira e āwhina ki te wehewehe i te ID whatunga i te pūwehe kōpuku i roto i te IP-wāhitau. e kore e Karaehe IP-wāhitau tangohia here i runga i te kanohi whatu. Mask waho titiro te taua rite te wāhitau - wha rōpū o tau i 0 ki te 255. I roto i tenei take, i te tuatahi i reira he tau nui o ratou iti. Hei tauira, 255.255.248.0 - ko te kanohi whatu tika, 255.248.255.0 tenei - he. Mask 255.255.255.0 tautuhi te tuatahi e toru octets o te IP-wāhitau rite te ID whatu.

A, no te hoahoa i tētahi whakawāhanga whatunga hinonga titau e IP-whakatutuki te whakaritea tika. Karaehe o IP-wāhitau, wehea ki wāhanga e tikanga o kopare, e kore e taea te whakanui ake anake te maha o rorohiko i te whatunga, engari ano ki te whakarite i tona mahi. Ia piha he wāhitau kanohi o te whatunga i te taunoa.

Kei te maha whakamahia kahore kanohi taunoa mō ngā ipurangiroto atu, me te takitahi. Hei tauira, IP-wāhitau 170.15.1.120 taea te whakamahi i whatu kanohi 255.255.255.0 ki te ID whatunga 170.15.1.0, e kore te mea e tika ana ki te whakamahi i te kanohi whatu o 255.255.0.0 ki ID 170.15.0.0, e ko te taunoa. Tenei taea ki a koe wahia te whatunga B whakahaere Class ngā ki ID 170.15.0.0 ngā ipurangiroto te whakamahi i kopare rerekē.

Tātaitanga o ngā ipurangiroto tawhā

I muri tautuhinga whatu ki runga ki ia pūmanawa atanga kawa whatunga ka whakahaere i te rangahau o IP-wāhitau whakamahi i te kanohi whatu ki te whakatau i te wāhitau whatu. E rua tātai ohie mō te tātai i te tau mōrahi o ngā ipurangiroto me nga mano i runga i te whatunga:

• 2 ^{(te maha o nga paraire rite ki tetahi i roto i te kanohi)} - 2 = maha nui o ngā ipurangiroto;
• 2 ^{(te tokomaha o ngā kore i roto i te kanohi whatu)} - 2 = tau mōrahi o ngā pūrere i runga i te whatu.

Hei tauira, tangohia te wāhitau rite ki 182.16.52.10 ki te kanohi 255.255.224.0. rite tenei Mask i roto i te rua titiro: 11111111.11111111.11100000.00000000. Whakawa i te octet tuatahi ko no te whatunga ki te piha haapiiraa B, reira, whakaaro tatou te toru, te wha o nga octets. E toru ngā waeine me ma toru ngā kore ki te tātai me te whiwhi 23-2 = 6 ngā ipurangiroto me 213 - 2 = 8190 mano.

A, no te faaohiparaa i te paerewa B piha whatunga rite te kanohi 255.255.255.0 65534 whatunga kia kua piri pūrere. Ki te ni'ai te paita wāhitau whatu he kōpuku tonu, ka heke te maha o ngā pūrere tūhono i roto i ia subnetwork te ki 254. A, no te mea e tika ana ki te nui te maha o ngā pūrere e taea te raruraru faatiti'aifarohia na shortening te wāhitau kanohi mara whatu te tua o tetahi wāhitau tuarua ki te atanga pouara ranei. Otiia i roto i tenei take, whakaiti ka hei maharatanga te maha o whatunga taea.

A, no te hanga koe ngā ipurangiroto i roto i te whatunga C piha haapiiraa, kia mōhio e ka kia iti rawa, me utu kotahi anake octet te kōwhiringa. A, no te Tātarihia kore me te wāhitau haapurororaa ko te taea o te hanga huinga e wha o te pai kōwhiringa ngā ipurangiroto: kotahi whatu ki te manaaki 253, e rua whatu 125 mano e wha ngā ipurangiroto i runga i 61 te ope e waru ngā ipurangiroto o 29 mano. ka meinga Ētahi rerekē o te arai raruraru i roto i te ararere me fakamafola ranei tika raruraru take i roto i te tātai o te whakatika i waenganui i nga mano.

Puka he tētaih i roto i whatunga piha B he māmā, rite atu haere noa o kōwhiringa. He 255.255.0.0 te kanohi whatu taunoa, i te te whakamahi i te tiki i te reira i te 65,534 ngā ope. A, no te hanga kopare i raro io ratou wāhitau whatu kua tohaina i mahue paraire untagged 3 me 4 octets. Ka taea te ahu e te tātaitanga te whatunga tino pai ki tau 32, 64, 96, 128, 160 me te 192.

he maha rawa nui o wāhitau, kia nei ko reira taea ki te hanga i te whatu Class A whatunga kua. Hoki te whakamahi e taea te whakamahi kopare whatu ki runga ki te 32 paraire. Mā te whakamahi i te tātai i runga, ka taea e tatou te whakatau i te tau mōrahi o ngā ipurangiroto e taea kia ake ki 254. I te wa ano i runga i te wāhitau ope ko 16 paraire, reira te taea ki te hono 65534 ngā kōpuku.

O te akoranga, ko te anake tenei tātai āwhiwhiwhi. A, no te te hanga rāngai me ki he tika subnetting ki te tango ki te pūkete atu āhuatanga, e he ti'aturi i runga i te kaiwhakarato me te taumata hinonga.