Ko te āhuatanga o te kurupae. Taumaha me te tohu kurupae

He maha ngā momo o kurupae. E wehea ratou rite ki whakaaro: turanga, hoki papa, e mau ana; te rauemi: maitai, te rakau, raima. I roto i te nuinga o te wā, te mōhiohio katoa whakatakotoria iho i roto i te ti'araa o te huānga, engari ko reira mārama anake ki tohunga. Hei kitea i roto i te mea kua huna i muri i te whakapotonga o ngā ingoa, me pehea e mohio koe te āhuatanga o te kurupae ki te whakatau i te taimaha, e hiahia ana koe ki te tiro i, whakaaro te kāwai matua o ngā hua hanganga.

ariā whānui

Kurupae - huānga tautoko whakapae o te pūnaha hanganga he i tetahi ki te maha ngā o te tautoko. Ka taea e hipokina e te reira i tetahi (ritua), me te maha o ngā rerenga (toitu). Kei te wehea te rauemi o te kurupae ki:

• Konganuku (maitai).
• Wood.
• raima whakapakaritia.

E whakamahia ratou i roto i te hanga kia rite ki ngā hanganga kawenga-whanau, e mahi ana i roto i piko, a pūkaha (hei tauira, hei wāhanga o te warou, rauata).

kurupae whakarewa

Ko te rōpū nui rawa. Classification, i runga i nei e taea te whiwhi koe i te whakaaro whānui o te kurupae whakarewa:

1. kaupapa Mahi:

1.1. -Whanganga Takitahi (ritua).

1.2. Multispan (toitu).

1.3. Cantilever (kotahi tautoko i roto i te puka o te entrapment).

He tino watea mō te hanga me te whakaminenga kaihahau rite whakaritea ki maha-hop. kurupae tonu he mea tika ki te whakatū i runga i te tautoko pono, te wahi i reira he kore mōrea o te subsidence pāhiwihiwi.

2. I roto i te tirohanga wāhanga :

2.1. Okeoke (odnotavrovye, ahau-kurupae, ripeka-tapahi).

2.2. Wae: paiherea, whakarawatia, haru ai.

Ko te tino noa i roto i te whakamahi o ahau-kurupae e whakaaro - he ngāwari ki te hamaniraa a te pūkenga i roto i te whakamahi ratou. I tua atu, ko reira ratou ka whakaaro.

Tawhā ahau-kurupae

E kitea e ratou tika, me te mahi hangarau tiketike hua Metal. Ahau-kurupae - he kahore okotahi. no ratou ki te kāwai o ngā hua roa, kawea te production i roto i rite ki nga ngā. I roto i te tahuri, e hāngai ana te whakaritenga e i runga i nga whakaritenga ki te kia tutaki e te kurupae GOST 535-2005 "whakataka pae kararehe me te wāhanga hanganga o te waro maitai o te kounga noa" faatere ratou.

Na roto i te taea momo o te kōtaha kurupae kia:

1) whata whakarara:

1.1) Pūnoa (b).

1.2) ki te papa whanui (W).

1.3) o te tīwae (K).

I roto i te ingoa o te tirohanga kōtaha hua e whakamunatia tonu. Hei tauira, riro kurupae 20b1 taua āhuatanga: tiketike 20 cm, D - noa, papa whanui - 100 mm (10 cm).

2) rītaha ā anga:

2.1) Pūnoa - 6-12% rōnaki.

2.2) motuhake: M - hoki iri huapae o cranes me ētahi atu taputapu (≤12%).

2.3) - mo te ngā o oku ngahaú (≤16%)

Kurupae rua-tee: Ahu me taimaha

whakawhirinaki ēnei uara i runga i ia atu, me te i runga i te momo o te parahi, tono hoki te hanga. Ki te tautuhi ratou, me te whakamahi koe i te tepu tirohia. Hea ki te kitea e ratou?

He taputapu e hāngai ana i runga i GOST 8239-89, 19425-74, 26020-83. Na roto i te momo o te kōtaha, tīpako i te tepu e tika ana, kitea ana e ia ngā āhuatanga e tika ana o nga kurupae, hoki hoatu ia take motuhake te nui o ngā hua i runga i te 1 mita. whakaaro ana tēnei uara kei te ki te waiho i te tohutoro, whakamahia i roto i te tatauranga, engari i roto i te meka kia rerekē paku i te tūturu (ki te kawea production te i roto i rite TU).

Hei tauira: kurupae 20b1. Whārangi o te rahi: tiketike - 200 mm Whānuitanga - 100 mm, matotoru taiepa - 5.6 mm, whata rahi - 8.5 mm, te pūtoro o te curvature o te mata i roto - 12 mm.

Kurupae-tee rua, te wahi e hoatu rahi me te taimaha i roto i te tepu, te paearu, mo tenei momo. A, no te hoko i te hua takoto te kaiwhakanao te ki te whakarato i ngā mōhiohio i runga i te tawhā tūturu o te āhuatanga o te kiritaki.

kurupae rakau

Ko te tino whakamahia nuitia i roto i te hanga o nga whare kia rite ki huānga inaki papa, papa, tuanui oti kahu hei wāhanga o te wharikitia, nga heke mo pūrere tuanui. Huānga Ko te rakau o te wāhanga tapawhā ki ngā tawhā whakatikatika - 50-160 mm - 140-250 mm i whanui o. Ka taea e te roa rerekē i 2 ki te 5 mita te (hāunga te uara whanau).

E ai ki te rakau hanganga e taea e rānei totoka Katahi (multilayer) ranei. Hoki production whakamahi conifers, mai to ratou elasticity pai, me te piko mahi, i te mea nui mō te e mau ana huānga whakapae.

āhuatanga kurupae rakau whakawhirinaki i runga i te kawenga mō te inaki heke mai, i runga i te momo o te whakakī i te rōrahi o te wāhanga (hatete, Nakata), te nui o te whanganga. E whakaritea enei tawhā katoa e GOST 4981-87 "kurupae patunga rakau."

āhuatanga motuhake

I mua i te tono i te āhuatanga rakau āta tukinotia ki formulations rongoā horoi e ārai microorganisms putrefaction me kino kiore, me faarahi te ātete ahi o te papa.

āhuatanga īnakinaki eke i roto i te ohanga te whakaritea ka whakahaere aua marae rānei i notching te taiepa o runga o te hanganga karauna rerekē rauemi rakau. Kei te hanga tāutatanga i te pito ki te kurupae pokapū. A hei tohutoro ki te kia kore poto atu i te 15 cm.

• A, no te whakapanga te taiepa rakau waho e tapahia pito noa iho i te 60 ^0, tukinotia ki antiseptics, me te tiaki i tuanui ua ranei ua tuanui.
• A, no te terminating kurupae i roto i aua marae, me kia maroke te mutunga o te rakau, me te tukanga uku, ki te ārai i te reira i te pirau.
• Whakakiia mokowā motuhake i roto i te taiepa kia waiho te whakamahana. Ka taea e koe te whakarite i tētahi pouaka rakau.
• kia tino ki te waiho i te tau mahani ventilation i roto i nga taiepa matotoru i runga i nei e tango makuku i te pito noa.
• A, no te whakaaetia nga taiepa angiangi (e rua pereki) wāhi i roto i te niches ki whakakiia ki te paru sima.
• I runga i nga taiepa i roto o te kurupae whakanohoia te i runga i te apa Felt.

kia kurupae kia whakakapia e te kurupae, te diameter o e hāngai ki te tiketike o te tapawhā huānga ripeka wāhanga. he economical i roto i ngā o hoko te rauemi reira, engari ko te mea utu te haamana'oraa e kia meatia te warea i roto i te ara motuhake ki te awhina o punga tāmau i roto i te taiepa.

whakapakaritia kurupae raima

Whānui e whakamahia ana i roto i te nui-tauine hanga o ngā whare noho, me te tūmatanui.

Whakarōpū kurupae i te maha o ngā tawhā, e taea te whakaaro te wehenga nui i runga i whakaaro me te momo o te ripeka-wāhanga i te wa:

• Foundation. E whakamahia ratou mo te hanganga o basements o whakaurunga ahumahi me ngā whare noho i roto i ngā wāhi o te mahi rū tiketike. Kia whai i te kōtaha T-āhua i roto i te wāhanga ripeka i te Taparara ranei.
• wharikitia Tärua kikokore-ki ngā pūnaha tuanui ranei e tutakina-atu pūrere i roto i complexes ahumahi me te ahuwhenua. A ani i haurangi hoki whakatika nga huapae.
• kurupae tapawhā ki whirihoranga rerekē (odnotavry, ahau-kurupae, L- me pūkete T-āhua) e whakamahia ana ki te īnaki Tīpae facades, papa ki runga ki te 18 mita.

Ko te āhuatanga o te kurupae, tei runga i to ratou whakaaro, me te whai tawhā rerekē. Hei tauira, i te roa ki runga ki te 24 m, me ngā āhuatanga papa noa kia whakawhirinaki ki runga ki irava o 18 m hanganga wharikitia. Kua oti te whakarite te tahi atu tawhā takitahi hoki ia hua.

Ngā āhuatanga hononga taea te kitea i roto i te State Paerewa whaiaronga ranei i kaiwhakanao motuhake, pera ratou kia rerekē. GOST 20372-90 "kurupae, wharikitia podstropilnye whakapakaritia" tautuhi te whakaritenga taketake ki nga hua, rauemi me ngā hanganga, ki runga ki tenei kaupapa, hinonga whakaputa TU.

tātaitanga taketake

i wehea waihanga katoa i roto i te wā Soviet ki raupapa. He raima whakarārangi paerewa, e ngā nga momo katoa me te rahi o poraka, kurupae, papa, hangaia i roto i ngā wheketere i roto i ngā rohe rerekē. Ko te whakarāpopototanga ripa aroaro āhuatanga o nga wahi katoa o nga mea timatanga, ratou taimaha tatau. Kua pera tawhiti taea te whakamahi i tēnei tuhinga kia rite ki te tohutoro mo te hoahoa o whare, engari kei te hiahiatia te Engineers ki whakataurite raraunga i te aroaro raima o taua hua i roto i te kaituku o tenei ra.

He maha ngā parau tumu, i tinihanga kurupae o te raima whakapakaritia. Me whakatau ngā āhuatanga te paearu e whai ake nei:

1. Ko te teitei ko te iti rawa 5% o te roa o te whanganga inakitia.
2. whakaritea te whanui o te kurupae te ōwehenga 5: 7 (whanui ki teitei).
3. hua ngā whakaputaina e Scheme 2 i raro me runga ake te tokotoko (ātete totohu). Ki te tango i nga rakau tinana maitai ki te diameter 12-14 mm o.

Ko te kupu e taea ana ki te whakatau i te āhuatanga kurupae hiahiatia hoki te wahi ngā.