Ko te mahue a tika whakaaro i roto i ngā mahi tōrangapū. He aha e nga whakaaro tōrangapū?

(I huaina te tini o whakaaro ko te wā "pluralism") Life o te kāwanatanga me te hapori manapori i roto i te ao Western hāngai tenei ra i runga i te mau parau tumu ohaoha, e kōrero te aroaro o maha ngā o tirohanga i runga i ngā take kei mua i te whenua, me te hapori ano. Ko tenei rerekētanga o te whakaaro, me te whakapataritari tetahi wehenga ki mahue me tika, me te centrists. E whānui ana te whakaaetanga ēnei wāhi i roto i te ao. Me pēhea e rerekē ratou i roto ia ratou? Na te āhuatanga te hononga i waenganui i te hunga e whai nga whakaaro tika, me te hunga e karanga ratou "mahue"?

aronga tōrangapū Matau

Tuatahi o te katoa me mea te reira e tuku atu i taua ngā ki nga nekehanga pāpori, me te tōrangapū, me mana'o. Kei te āhuatanga e faaino koi o te whakahounga nga whakaaro tika-parirau. Taua rōpū i roto i te manakohia o te pupuri i te ōhanga, me te ngā tikanga tōrangapū. I te wā rerekē kia rerekē ngā manakohanga o taua rōpū, e tei hoki i runga i te tikanga, me te rohe. Hei tauira, i roto i te tīmatanga o te rautau tekau ma iwa i roto i Amerika kaitōrangapū e whai i te whakaaro tika, paruru te tiaki o te pūnaha pononga, a i roto i te rau tau rua tekau-matamua - ki whakahou hauora mo te rawakore.

aronga tōrangapū mahue

Ka taea e tatou te mea e ko te ahua o te huritua o te tika tenei. whakaaro tōrangapū leftist - ko reira te ingoa ngā o mana'o me nekehanga e taunaki hoki whakahounga me te huringa nui-tauine i roto i te tikanga tōrangapū, me te ōhanga ngā. Ēnei wāhi ngā hapori, Communism, ihe me te manapori pāpori. Kei te tono parirau Mauī ōritetanga me te whakawa mo te katoa.

Ko te hītori o te wehenga o ngā whakaaro tōrangapū, me te putanga o ngā rōpū

I roto i te rautau tekau mā whitu i roto i France reira ko he pakaru i waenganui i te kāhui, i roto i te meka i te mana ka kapu, me te bourgeoisie, kia kia ihirangi ki te tūranga tano o te kaituku. i hanga nga whakaaro i mahue, me te tika-parirau tōrangapū i muri i te revolution i roto i te Pāremata. Tūpono mahue a noho te parirau matau o Paremata te pera-ka karanga Feuillant nei hiahia ki te tiaki me te whakapakari i te arikitanga me te ariki whakaritea mā te whakamahi i te kaupapa ture. I roto i te pokapū i te Girondins - ". Wiri" e he I te taha i mahue noho Jacobin kawana, nei nga kaitautoko o te huringa tuwhena, me te faufaa, me te momo katoa o nekehanga hou me ngā mahi. Ko te kupu, a kua wehea ki kanohi matau, me te mahue. Tuatahi hei ariā faaauhia o "reactionary" me "momo" me te tuarua wahi e huaina Radicals me Progressives.

Pehea e peroo enei ariā?

Ko te mahue me tika-parirau tōrangapū whakaaro mau rawa tikanga. I ngā wā rerekē i roto i te whenua rerekē ki te tūranga rerekē te wa whakaaro tōrangapū tata ōrite. Hei tauira, i muri i tona liberalism ahua mārama whakaaro ai mahue ki runga. Na ka anga i te reira ki te kia tautuhia rite te pokapū tōrangapū o te mahere o te tau, me te hokohoko-kētanga i waenganui i nga tirohanga e rua.

Ki te rā, te liberalism (kaua, neo-liberalism ranei) - ko tetahi o te wāhi tino momo, ka kia whakarōpūtia ai ngā rōpū ohaoha rite rōpū tika-parirau. E ara hehema ki te kōrero e pā ana ki neoliberalism rite te ahua hou o te fascism ētahi körero. Ahakoa he wāhi ke taua o tirohanga i reira he, no te mea ka taea e koe haamana'o i te ohaoha Chilean Pinochet me ona kemi.

Nga Kominiusi me nga mua - ko wai e ratou?

He maha nga whakaaro tōrangapū mahue me tika-parirau uaua e kore anake ki te wehe, engari ano hoki i konatunatua ki ia atu. He tauira a Tūrongo, o taua ngā whakahēnga - Communism. ka haere mai te nuinga o nga rōpū Bolshevik me Communist nui ki te ao nui i muri i te disengagement i manapori pāpori, i hoatu ara ki a ratou.

ko te Social Democrats te angamaheni maui-parirau, i hiahiatia whakawhānui i te taupori o tika tōrangapū me rangatiratanga, ki te whakapai ake i te āhuatanga ōhanga me te pāpori o kaimahi, me te ripeneta i te tikanga o riirii huringa rangimarie. Ki tenei katoa, mātātoa whawhai nga rōpū ka tika-parirau. whakawakia Kominiusi nga Democrats Social o te wehi, me te haere mo he huringa atu tere i roto i te hapori, e te mārama kitea i roto i te hītori o Russia.

Tautika korero, kei te pai ake tonu te āhuatanga pūtea o te piha haapiiraa mahi. Heoi, te whakapumautia i roto i te Soviet Union, huna rawa te tikanga tōrangapū tika manapori katoa me nga rangatiratanga o te iwi, kaua ki te ki te whakawhānui ratou rite hiahiatia ki te taua maui-parirau Social Democrats. I raro i Stalin, ka mau te whānui te pua o te tikanga totalitarian o te tika. No reira, i reira te mea he raruraru tamau i roto i te whakarōpū o etahi rōpū.

rerekētanga oraraa totiare

Ko te reira i roto i te mara o te pāpori, ka taea e kitea e koe i te rerekētanga tuatahi. Ko nga rāngai rongonui pera-ka karanga o te taupori Leftists - te rawakore, e kore e mau i te mana. Ko reira i huaina to ratou Karl Marx nga proletarians, me tenei ra e karangatia e ratou utu-kaimahi, iwi arā e ora anake i runga i te utu.

I tahuri tonu te whakaaro tika-parirau ki runga ki takitahi motuhake, ko wai e ora i roto i te pa, me te i roto i te whenua, engari ake te whenua ranei i tetahi tikanga mo te hanga (toa, pakihi, awheawhe me pera i runga i), e ko, takoha mahi o ētahi atu ranei he whaiaro-mahi ratou.

O te akoranga, kahore ārai te rōpū tika-parirau i roto i te whakapā atu ki te runga ake te ko ënei, engari i roto i te wahi tuatahi e kore. Tenei rerekētanga Ko te reni i tuatahi, me te faufaa: i runga i te ringa kotahi i reira ko te bourgeois, cadres, te mau melo o te ngaio ohaoha, rangatira o hinonga arumoni me te ahumahi; i runga i te tahi atu i te ringa - te kaimahi rawakore, peasants me kaimahi. Noatia, te rohe i waenganui i enei puni e rua peroo me iu, āhuatanga nei i te te waipuke auau o papa i tetahi taha ki tetahi. Koe e kore e hoki e taea e wareware e pā ana ki te piha haapiiraa waenganui kati, i te mea he āhua takawaenga. I roto i to tatou wa, hei tenei rohe kua atu herenga.

rerekētanga Historical me taumauri

mai ake i mahue te French Revolution te tirohanga tōrangapū i hāngai ai i te kaupapa here tuwhena, me te whakahou. Ko te āhua hakari o take e kore e makona i te kaitōrangapū o tenei ahua, tu tonu ratou mo te huringa me te revolution. Ko te kupu, whakaaturia te maui he fafauraa me hiahia mo te tere te ahunga whakamua. E kore e nga tirohanga tika-parirau ātete ki te whanaketanga, whakaatu e ratou i te hiahia mo te tiaki me te whakahokinga mai o ngā uara onamata.

Ka rite ki te hua, ka taea e tetahi mau te pakanga o rua ahunga taha e - te piri o te kaupapa kia me ngā kaitautoko o te haratau. Noatia, e kore e taea e tatou e wareware e pā ana ki te whakawhitinga papatipu me tupapaku. I roto i tōrangapū, te māngai o te rōpū Mauī kite nga tikanga mo te tīmata huringa, te kaha ki te tiki atu i te mua, ki te huri i katoa e taea e koe. Apii titiro i te mana rite te ara ki te mau tonu te haere tonutanga tika.

Tellingly, Ko reira taea hoki ki te kite i te tahi mau rerekētanga i roto i te pā ana ki te mooni i te katoa. Leftists maha whakaatu i te kaha keno ki nga ahua o te utopia me idealism, ia ratou hoariri - realists unambiguous me pragmatists. Heoi, ano e taea e nga pā tika-parirau kati kia kārangarangatia tākare, ahakoa tino kino.

rerekētanga tōrangapū

roa kua kaitōrangapū mahue-parirau karangatia ratou nga kaiwawao o ngā ngākau nuitanga o te iwi, me ngā māngai anake o ngā uniana hokohoko, rōpū me hononga o kaimahi me peasants. Apii, ahakoa mārama kore faaite ratou whakahawea mo te iwi, he piri o te fifi o te whenua Maori, te upoko o te kāwanatanga, te whakaaro o te piri pono ki te iwi ratou. I roto i te mutunga, kahore he mea whakamiharo e huaina e ratou nga kaiwhakaako o whakaaro motu (he ratou maha e pängia ana ki te nationalism, Mana, me te whakatoihara iwi), me o ratou hoariri tōrangapū - nga whakaaro o te Republic. I roto i te mahi, ka taea e ngā rōpū e rua te mahi rite te wāhi manapori o te tirohanga, me te whakamahi i nga tikanga fakatikitato mārama o te mana.

Ka taea te huaina Rightism puka tino tino centralized āhua totalitarian (hei tauira, te Tuatoru Laisi), me leftism - anarchism apo e rapu ana i te whakangaromanga o tetahi mana i te katoa.

rerekētanga ohaoha

Kei te āhuatanga e te whakakorehanga o te moni i mahue-parirau whakaaro tōrangapū. E takoha ratou kawe ki te hoatu ki runga ki a reira rite ano whakawhirinaki te kāwanatanga nui atu i te mākete. Kōawa, kua oha ratou ki te ngākau, me mo te hokotanga o te mātakitaki me te pōuri hohonu.

Ko te hunga kaitōrangapū e whai whakaaro tika, whakaaro he aha te mākete, ko te take taketake i roto i te whanaketanga o te kāwanatanga, me te ōhanga i roto i te whānui puta noa i te ao. O te akoranga, kitea te moni i roto i te taiao ki te anaanatae, me te tini katoa o te hokotanga - ki faaino koi me te otirā. e kore tenei ārai-iwi ki te waiho he kaikorero o te kāwanatanga kaha, me te whakapakari o te rāngai tūmatanui i roto i te rāngai rerekē o te ōhanga, engari he libertarian (he kaitautoko o te mākete noa nui taea) he tangata ki tirohanga leftist. Heoi, ko te tikanga te ngā matua pumau: te whakaaro o te āhua kaha ko ki te maui, me te mākete noa - i runga i te tika; ōhanga whakaritea - te maui, me te whakataetae, me te whakataetae - i runga i te tika.

Rerekētanga i roto i whakaaro matatika

rerekē hoki te tirohanga tōrangapū mahue me tika-parirau i te tirohanga o te pātai motu. Ua paruru te tuatahi te anthropocentrism tuku iho, me te humanism. Ahakoa te whakamutunga kauwhau i te whakaaro o te pai noa, e pai te nuinga i te tuakiri takitahi. Tenei Ko te wahi takoto nga pakiaka o nga mana tūturu o te haapa'oraa nuinga me te ta'e mahue. Ko tētahi atu rerekētanga ko te faufaa o te nationalism mo te tuatahi, me te akiaki ia o internationalism me cosmopolitanism mo te tuarua.