Ko te mana o te alloying ngā huānga i runga i ngā āhuatanga o te maitai. Types, rama, me te whakarite ko

Steel - tetahi o nga rauemi tino rapu-i muri i roto i te ao nei i teie mahana. uaua te kore reira ki te whakaaro tetahi pae ngā hanga, mīhini-hanga hinonga, me te maha atu wahi, me nga mea e haati nei ia tatou i roto i te ora ia rā. I te wa ano, ko te tino rerekē te koranu o te rino, me te waro, no te mea i roto i tenei tuhinga tirohia tatou te pānga o ngā āhuatanga alloying i runga i nga āhuatanga o parahi, me te ona momo, rama me ngā ūnga.

mōhiohio whānui

I teie mahana, e rave rahi i riro rama whānui whakamahia i roto i tata ruri katoa o mahi a te tangata. Ko te nuinga e tika ana ki te meka i roto i tenei koranu optimally fakatahai te whānuitanga katoa o ngā āhuatanga aunoa, tinana, matū me te hangarau, kahore e nei whai tetahi atu rauemi tenei. Kei te pai ake tonu tukanga steelmaking me te mea o ona āhuatanga, me te kounga tukua ki te whiwhi i te mahi e hiahiatia ana o te hua rite ki te hua o ngā tikanga, ngā wāhanga, me te mihini.

Whakarōpū i te whakaaro

Ia parahi, i runga i te whakaaro mo te ai i hanga ai, i runga i te pūtake whakahauanga taea te runga i tetahi o nga kāwai e whai ake nei rānei:

• Hanganga.
• Instrumental.
• whakaaro motuhake ki ngā āhuatanga motuhake.

Ko te piha haapiiraa tino maha - hanganga maitai, hangaia hoki he momo o te whare hanganga, whakaaro, mihini. wehea Construction waitohu i runga i te whakapai ake, carburized, puna-puna, kaha tiketike.

He rerekē Tool steels i runga i ranei e hangaia ratou ki te taputapu rānei: tapahi, inenga, me ētahi atu haere te reira i waho e mea e he nui ano hoki te pānga o ngā huānga alloying i runga i nga āhuatanga o te parahi o tenei rōpū ...

steels Motuhake i to ratou wehenga, e ngā te rōpū e whai ake nei:

• he kowiri tira (hoki e mohiotia ana ko te waikura).
• Heat-ātete.
• Heat-ātete.
• Hiko.

rōpū maitai i roto i te hanganga matū

E hamama ana maitai whakarōpū i runga i te wae matū wāhanga rānei:

• kōeke Waro maitai.
• Doped.

Kei te wehea atu te kupu enei rōpū e rua i te maha o noa me te waro i roto i reira ki:

• waro iti (iti iho i te 0.3% waro).
• O te reo (kukū o te waro, ko te 0.3 - 0.7%).
• High-waro (neke atu i te 0.7% waro).

He aha te mea te parahi koranu?

I raro i tenei whakamāramatanga, kia mohio ki reira maitai e kei, i roto i te whakarara ki poke tamau, ara tāpiritanga whakaurua i roto i te hanganga koranu ki te whakapiki ake i te āhuatanga pūkaha o te hua mutunga whaea.

He kupu ruarua e pā ana ki te kounga o te maitai

hoatu ana tēnei tawhā te koranu auraa e te huinga o ngā āhuatanga, i roto i te tahuri e meinga e tona tukanga production iho. Hoki taua āhuatanga, e riro nei ki raro ki a steels taputapu kongatia he:

• hanganga matū.
• hanganga taurite.
• Processability.
• āhuatanga aunoa.

Ko te kounga o tetahi parahi tei runga i te nui o hāora roto te roto reira, hauwai, hauota, whanariki, me te ūkuikui. Ko ano hoki te reira i kore te tūnga whakamutunga takaro e te tikanga o te whakaputa maitai. Ko te tika te nuinga i roto i ngā o te whānuitanga poke popadniya hiahiatia soposob te i roto i oumu steelmaking.

Koranu rino , me te huri i ona āhuatanga

Koranu maitai e kei roto i tona waitohu tohu iku'anga reta whakahaere panaia taui huānga ona āhuatanga, e kore anake i enei āpiha waho, engari ano hoki o ratou mahi tahi i waenganui i a ratou.

Ki te whakaaro tatou āta te waro, e taea te wehea nga mea timatanga alloying i runga i te pāhekoheko ki a ratou ki ngā rōpū matua e rua:

• Ko te āhuatanga e hanga i te pūhui matū ki waro (carbide) - molybdenum, chromium, vanadium, Tungsten, konupora.
• E kore e nga huānga waihanga carbide - silicon, konumohe, me te sēniti.

Me kï reira e te parahi, i e doped matū karbidobrazuyuschimi i te pakeke tiketike rawa, ka nui haere ātete kākahu.

Ko te parahi koranu iti (waitohu: 20HGS2, 09G2, 12G2SMF, 12HGN2MFBAYU me ētahi atu). noho te reira i te koranu wahi motuhake 13X, i te mea nui pakeke hoki te hanga o tona pokanga, whakairo, taputapu whakapaipai, heu.

tuhinga

Ka taea te whakaritea te ihirangi o ngā āhuatanga alloying i roto i te maitai i tona tapanga. Ia o enei wae whakaurua ki te koranu he ona ake reta tāutu. Hei tauira:

• Chromium - Kr.
• Vanadium -V.
• Konupora -Mn.
• Niobium - Āta Titiro.
• Tungsten -W.
• Titanium - Ti.

I te tahi taime i te timatanga o te taupū o te kōeke maitai ko nga pukapuka. Ia o ratou te maua e te auraa taa ê. I roto i ngā, i te pukapuka "P" tikanga e te parahi, ko te tere tiketike, "W" tohu e te parahi pōro-whanau, "A" - automaton, "E" - .. Electrotechnical etc. steels kounga High i roto i to ratou ti'araa ārepa i roto i te mutunga reta "he" me te kounga ngā roto i te pukapuka "W" i te mutunga o te tohu.

Ko te pānga o ngā huānga alloying

Tuatahi o te katoa me mea ai e te waro pānga tumu he i runga i te āhuatanga o te maitai. Ko tenei huānga whakarato he hua i roto i tona kukū ki te hua i roto i te kaha me te pakeke i pokey raro me plasticity. I tua atu, fakapapau'i te kukū waro nui haere ino o machinability.

Te ihirangi chromium i roto i te maitai pā tika tona resistance waikura. Tenei puka matū huānga i runga i te mata koranu i roto i te taiao oxidizing pukuriri, he kiriata waikura tiaki kikokore. Heoi, ki te whakatutuki i tenei pānga i roto i te maitai chromium kia i te iti rawa 11.7%.

kia aro Motuhake konumohe. Kei te whakamahia te reira i roto i te tukanga alloying maitai mō te tango i te hāora me te hauota, i muri i te pure, i roto i te tikanga ki te whai wāhi ki te whakaiti o te koranu hoholo. I tua atu, konumohe nui whakapiki i te taikaha me te fakamo'ui fluidity ūkuikui pānga tino deleterious.

Vanadium - Ko te huānga alloying motuhake, ai koranu taputapu maitai whiwhi pakeke tiketike, me te kaha. I roto i te heke koranu witi me piki kiato.

Koranu maitai, e i roto i tohu Tungsten, e hua ana ki te pakeke tiketike, me te pakeke whero. He pai i roto i taua faaore te reira i te brittleness o te koranu i roto i te faafaaearaa i whakaritea ano hoki Tungsten.

Hei whakanui i ātete wera, āhuatanga autō, me te ātete nui ki pikaunga pānga maitai kongatia ki konukurahina. Ko tetahi o aua āhuatanga e kore e e puta ki te whai i tetahi pānga nui i runga i te parahi, ko te takawai. Heoi, i roto i aua steels, e kua te tikanga mo te whakarewa ka paiherea, me tika kia te kukū o te takawai i roto i 0.12-0.25%.

Tino whakapiki nga āhuatanga pūkaha o rino me te konupora. Kei te whakamahia hoki te reira i rite te kaihoko desulfurization i te take o te whakamahi i vnedomennoy desulphurization.

maha kei roto i te parahi koranu iti (tohu kei reira huānga alloying iti iho i te 2.5%) konupora, e whakarato ana te reira ki te hua e tika ana i roto i te pakeke, abrasion ātete, i te pupuri plasticity tino pai. Engari kia te kukū o tenei huānga neke atu i te 1%, e kore e taea ki te whakatutuki i enei āhuatanga ranei.

kōeke waro maitai fusible mo tetahi-tauine nui i roto i te whare ngā hanganga parahi, e whakarato ana ngā āhuatanga anticorrosion mōrahi.

Hei whakanui i te pakeke whero, elasticity, kaha kurut me te ātete kurut ki te waikura i maitai molybdenum tika whakahaere, e hoki atu faarahi te ātete ki te hāora, me te whakarewa, ka hana ki āhuatanga pāmahana teitei. I roto i te tahuri, cerium me neodymium, e whakamahia ana ki te whakaiti i te porosity o te koranu.

Whakaaro i te pānga o ngā huānga alloying i runga i ngā āhuatanga o te maitai e kore e taea te waiho, me te konukōreko. Tenei taea te whakarewa ki te farii i te hardenability rino, me te kaha pai, te ukanga me te pānga ātete ki te whakapiki ake i me te rohe o raro o te brittleness matao.

Tino whānui whakamahia rite te dopant, me Niobium. Ko tōna kukū i roto i 6-10 wa te rahinga e hiahiatia ana waro prisutsvtuyuschego i roto i te koranu, faaore te waikura intergranular o steels kowiri, me te tiaki i te hononga Weld i te whakangaromanga tino houhou.

Titanium taea ki a koe te tiki i te mahi tino arotau o te kaha me te kōngohe, me te ki te whakapai ake i te ātete te waikura. Ko te hunga parahi, e kei te tāpiri, tino pai kitea ki taputapu tukatuka rerekē, whakaaro motuhake i runga i ngā taputapu mīhini hou.

Kupu Whakataki o te zirconium koranu maitai āhei ki te whiwhi i te rahi witi e hiahiatia ana ki te tika, me te ki te whakaawe i te reira i roto i te tupu witi.

poke āpiti

āhuatanga tino houhou e e tino pā tōraro te kounga o te parahi he ateneke, he tine, kakano. Ratou ahua i roto i te koranu ai tonu riro te maitai rawa pakarukaru i te rohe o ratou purapura, tautautefito ki he taimi huriwhakamuri takai rino, me te i roto i te kōpeke ana o steels waro iti.

mutunga

I roto i to tatou wa, riro mohiotia tino pai te mana o ngā huānga alloying i runga i te āhuatanga. āta tātarihia ngā tohunga te pānga o ia tāpiri i roto i te koranu. Ko te ariā ka taea te metallurgists i roto i te wāhanga tikanga ki te hanga i te hoahoa schematic o steelmaking, ki te whakatau i te maha o te hangarau e hiahiatia me ngā rauemi whakapau (ore, aro, pire, me ētahi atu tāpiritanga). maha whakamahi te nuinga o steelmakers chromium, vanadium, hinu, me ētahi atu āhuatanga alloying e he tino utu.