Ko te pūnaha o ngā here me ngā - ko te turanga o te ariā o te wehenga o mana. Ko nga peka e toru o te kāwanatanga

Ko te pūnaha o ngā here me ngā - he tono mahi o te ariā o te wehenga o mana. Ko te ariā o te tohatoha o mana i waenganui i te maha tinana me ngā pūtahi e he motuhake i ia atu, ahu rau tau maha i mua. Ko te hua o te whanaketanga roa o te kāwanatanga, me te kitea i te tikanga whai hua mō te ārai i te putanga o te despotism. Ko te pūnaha o ngā here me ngā - he pärönaki o te parau tumu o te wehenga o mana, waha reira ki mahi i roto i te puka o te tikanga e hāngai ana o te Ture. Ko te aroaro o te tikanga taua he āhuatanga faufaa o te kāwanatanga manapori.

Ko te ao tawhito

Ko te whakaaro o te wehenga o mana kua ona pakiaka i roto i te tawhito. Tauira o tona ako pāngarau, me te tono i ngā taea te kitea i roto i te hītori o Kariki tawhito. He kaitōrangapū me te iriti ture no Solon whakapumautia i roto i te pūnaha kāwanatanga Atene i nei i reira nga āhuatanga o te wehenga o mana. i hoatu e ia rite te mana ki te pūtahi e rua: ko te Kaunihera o nga Areopaka, ka wha rau. Enei tinana kāwanatanga rua ki te ū te āhuatanga tōrangapū i roto i te hapori i roto i te mana tahi.

I whakatakoto te ariā o te wehenga o mana i te philosopho Kariki tawhito Aristotle me Polybius. tuhu ratou ki te haamaitairaa pūrere kāwanatanga i roto i nei e motuhake nga āhuatanga wāhanga, me te mahi he whitiki tahi. whakaritea Polybius tenei pūnaha ki te kaipuke whārite, taea ki te tu atu ki tetahi tupuhi.

whanaketanga ariā

Wharekarakia philosopho Italian Marsilius o Padua i ana mahi i oti rawa ki te hanganga o te kāwanatanga fakamāmaní, faaite te whakaaro o pārōnaki o nga mana-ture, me te whakahaere. E ai ki a ia, Ko te rangatira o te fatongia i te hanganga ture ki te tikanga whakapumautia. Marsilius o Padua whakaaro e te tika ki te hanga me te whakaaetia ture e te iwi anake.

Dzhon Lokk

Ko te parau tumu o te wehenga o mana ko atu whanaketanga ariā i roto i te Renaissance. whakawhanakehia e te English philosopho Dzhon Lokk he tauira o te hapori ā-i runga i te kawenga takohanga o te kingi, me nga rangatira teitei o te kaupapa ture. arotahi whakaaro Kōhure i runga i te whakawhāititanga o nga mana-ture, me te whakahaere. Kua tohaina Dzhon Lokk tetahi - hānga. te whakaaro ia e kia ngā te mātau o te manga o te kāwanatanga ngā take kaupapa here takawaenga me te ke. Tohe Dzhon Lokk e ka faaore i te wehenga o ngā kawenga, me mana i waenganui i nga wae raraunga e toru o te pūnaha whakahaere tūmatanui te ati o te tutonu rawa nui te mana i roto i te kotahi ringa. E whakaaetia whānuitia whakaaro philosopho English whakatupuranga heke mai.

Charles-Lui De Montesquieu

hanga Theorizing Dzhona Lokka te mana'o hohonu i maha kaiako me ngā kaitōrangapū. anötia i Ta'na haapiiraa o te wehenga o mana ki e toru nga peka, a whakawhanakehia te kaituhi Wīwī, me te jurist Montesquieu. ¶ Na i roto i te hawhe tuatahi o te rau tau 18. Ko te hanganga o te hapori i roto i i ora ai ia, he Wīwī, ko te nuinga puritia nga āhuatanga āhuatanga o feudalism. Whakatakoto te ariā o te kaituhi whakaaro ki ana to'utangatá tuwhena rawa. Ko te parau haapiiraa o Charles-Lui De Montesquieu i te whakawhāititanga o mana e poka ki te pūrere o monarchical France. ki te kia i runga i te mau parau tumu o te whenua wharekarakia e wehe hapori ki tuku hanahana, minita me tutua tonu whenua Pākehā i taua wa. I teie mahana whakaaro te ariā o Montesquieu te he matarohia. kua meinga te reira i te kokonga o tetahi āhua manapori.

Ko te tikanga matua o te ariā

whakamatauria Montesquieu te akiaki o te wehenga o mana ki-ture, whakahaere, me te ture. Tohu me te deterrence tahi toru āhuatanga o te hanganga kāwanatanga e hangaia ki te ārai i te whakatūnga o te tonotono, me te tūkino o te kaha. whakapono Montesquieu despotism o te kino ahua o te kāwanatanga e hāngai ana i runga i te wehi. Ua haapapû ia e mahi anake nanakia rite ki tana e pai, a kahore e ū ki tetahi ture. E ai ki a Montesquieu, whakakotahi i te peka e toru o te mana e arata'i ki tonotono.

whakaaro French i te parau tumu taketake o te mahi angitu o te hanganga kāwanatanga wehea: i reira kia kia kore pea o subordination o tetahi wahi o te pūnaha o te tahi atu e rua.

Ko te US Constitution

Kua kitea e te whakaaro o te pārōnaki o nga peka e toru o te kāwanatanga puka ture i roto i te akoranga o te American Revolution me te Pakanga o Independence. Kua te US Constitution kua kitea ngā wā katoa i te tauira puāwaitanga o te wehenga o mana i roto i te kāwanatanga, whakawhanakehia e Montesquieu. Kua tapiritia kau taki tōrangapū American reira etahi whakapainga, tetahi o nei ko te pūnaha o ngā here me ngā. Tenei tikanga mo te mana tahi o e toru nga peka o te kāwanatanga. Kua hanga te wāhi nui ki tona hanga te tuawha US te peresideni Dzheyms Medison. Ko te pūnaha o ngā here me ngā - ko te īnaki i waenganui i nga mana o te mana wehea. Hei tauira, kia whakaatu i te marae null me whakakahore te whakatau o te ture, ki te kore e ū ai ki te Ture. Peresideni, ka rite ki te māngai o te mana whakahaere, ano he aukati. Ko te mātau o te peresideni ki whakarite kaiwhakarite, engari ratou kaitono me whakaaetia e te ture. pūnaha o ngā here me ngā - ko te turanga o te ariā o te wehenga o mana, me te huarahi mo tona tono whai hua i roto i te mahi. Ko te tikanga o te US Constitution, whakawhanakehia e Madison, he tonu i roto i te pānga.

Russian Federation

Ko te mau parau tumu whakatakoto e Montesquieu me kau taki matatau o te Revolution American, kua whakaurua ki roto ki te ture o nga whenua manapori katoa. I roto i te hou Russian Federation Constitution tohutohu hoki wehenga o mana. Ko te pau o te whakatinanatanga o tenei parau tumu ko e te mahi ruruku o manga katoa o palesiteni te whenua o te homai e, e kore e nei no ōkawa ki tetahi o ratou. Fatongia mo te whanaketanga me te whakatamarikitanga o ture kei ki te State Duma me te Kaunihera Federation, e tohu ana i te pāremata bicameral. Ko mahi o te mana whakahaere i roto i te mātau o te Kawanatanga. Kei a ia ko manatü, ratonga me ngā pokapū. Te rāngai ture i roto i te Russian Federation tokanga'i nga mahi o te Paremete, me te aro mātai tautukunga ki ture tangohia kaupapa ture. I tua atu, e taki te reira i te mana o mahi normative tukuna e te Kawanatanga. Kei roto i te Ture i te pene motuhake i runga i te rāngai ture i roto i te Russian Federation.

United Basileia

He maha ngā tohunga e whakapono e kore e tino whakaurua te pūnaha tōrangapū o te United Basileia te parau tumu o te wehenga o mana. I roto i te UK, i reira te mea he au hītori o hanumi o-ture me tinana whakahaere. no Pirimia ki te rōpū tōrangapū kaha tino. Kei te fakakoloa'i ia ki mana whanui, a te nuinga o te tautoko o te nuinga o ngā mema. e kore he Independence o te rāngai ture i roto i te pātai, engari e kore e tino pā reira te mahi o te tahi atu tinana kāwanatanga. Te mana teitei i roto i te UK kua tuku iho kua whakaaro te anga hanganga ture. e kore e taea e Judges faahapa i te whakatau whakaaetia e te Paremete.

France

Ko te Ture o te Tuarima Republic he wahi motuhake o te matenga o te kāwanatanga pōtitia e te pōti rongonui. French peresideni e whakaturia ana te Pirimia me te mau melo o te kāwanatanga, whakatau te kaupapa here ke, me te whakahaere whiriwhiringa takawaenga ki ētahi atu whenua. Heoi, ko te tūnga tino o te matenga o te kāwanatanga e taea te nui iti ana ope pato'iraa i roto i te Pāremata.

Ko te Ture French whakarato mo te wehenga o mana. ngā o te peresideni me Rünanga Käwanatanga te peka whakahaere. no mahi Ture ki te National Assembly me te kaumatua. Ko te tūranga o ngā here me ngā tākaro maha pokapū motuhake e he wahi o te peka whakahaere. Ratou maha tohutohu Pāremata i runga i te ngā pire. Enei pokapū hei tauwehe me tae noa e hua ana ki etahi mana ture.