Ko te wera o te hanganga - he aha te mea tenei?

kōrero tatou e pā ana ki te mea ko te wera o te hanganga, me te tautuhi i te tikanga i huaina paerewa. I roto i te tikanga ki te kōmaka i tenei take, kitea i roto i nga rerekētanga i waenganui i ngā matū ohie, me te uaua. Hei whakakotahi te ariā o "wera o hanganga", whakaaro te whārite matū motuhake.

Ko te hāwera paerewa o te hanganga o matū

76 kJ o pūngao tukua i roto i te tauhohe o te waro ki ngā hauwai haurehu. I roto i tenei take, ko te ahua - ko te pānga waiariki o te tauhohenga matū. Ko tenei wera o te hanganga o ngā rāpoi ngota mewaro i matū ohie. "He aha?" - ui koe. Ko e tika ana ki te meka i te wāhanga tīmata he waro me te hauwai tenei. 76 kJ / mol ko te pūngao i huaina Utaina "wera o te hanganga".

Rau raraunga

I roto i te thermochemistry te tīari maha tepu, i roto i te wera o te hanganga o ngā matū matū i ngā matū ohie. Hei tauira, wera o hanganga o te taonga, te tātai o i CO ₂ i roto i te āhua haurehu waihā he ahua 393,5 kJ / mol.

hiranga mahi

He aha he uara raraunga? Ko te wera o te hanganga - te uara, whakamahia nei te i roto i te tātaitanga o te pānga waiariki o tetahi tukanga matū. I roto i te tikanga ki te whakahaere i rapu utu taua tātaitanga te whakamahi o te ture o te thermochemistry.

thermochemistry

Ko reira he ture taketake e whakamārama tukanga pūngao kitea i roto i te akoranga o te tauhohenga matū. I roto i te pāhekoheko kitea huringa kounga i roto i te pūnaha te tauhohe i. Ētahi matū ngaro, puta wāhanga hou i roto i to ratou wahi. haere tahi ana tēnei tukanga e te huringa i roto i te pūngao ā o te pūnaha, kua whakaaturia te reira i roto i te puka o te mahi wera ranei. Te mahi, e pā nei te ki te toronga, mo te tauhohe matū ko te ahua i raro. Te wera tukua i roto i te faafariuraa o te wae tetahi ki tetahi taonga, kia waiho he uara nui.

Ki te whakaaro tatou he momo o panoni, tata katoa i reira he absorption tuku o te nui etahi o te wera ranei. thermochemistry - kua te wāhanga motuhake kua hanga hoki te whakamāramatanga o te ari.

Ture o Hess

Nā ki te ture tuatahi o thermodynamics, ka taea ki te kawe i roto i te tātaitanga o te pānga ngāwhā i runga i nga tikanga o te tauhohenga matū rānei. tātaitanga I runga i te ture thermochemistry matua, ara te ture o Hess. Kia tona waihanga: waiariki huringa pānga matū e pā ana ki te āhua, te āhua tuatahi, me te whakamutunga o te rauemi, i te reira te kore e pā ana ki te ara o te pāhekoheko.

He aha whai i tenei waihanga? I roto i te take o te hua motuhake e kore e titauhia e tono anake ki tetahi ahua o te pāhekoheko, kia kawea ai te tauhohenga i roto i ngā huarahi. I roto i tetahi hui, noa'tu eaha te hoatu e koe te rauemi e hiahiatia ana, ka noho i te pānga waiariki o te tukanga uara tonu. Hei tautuhi ko reira e tika ana ki te haapoto i te pānga waiariki o te panoni takawaenga. Nā ki ka taea ki te kawe i roto i tātaitanga o nga moni o ngā pānga waiariki te ture o Hess, e kore e taea ki te kawe i roto i te calorimeter. Hei tauira, ki te ine i te mahana o te hanganga o matū haukino tatau e te ture o Hess, engari i te tamataraa ngā ki te whakatau i te reira e kore koe e angitu. Ko reira he mea nui nga tepu matūrewarau motuhake i roto i nei te uara tau e rārangi mō ngā matū rite tautuhia i raro i ngā āhuatanga paerewa

ngā nui i roto i te tatauranga

Hoatu e te wera o te hanganga - ko te wera o te tauhohenga, o faufaa ngā ko te āhua tapeke o te taonga i roto i te pātai. Hei tauira, ka whakaaro inenga tango te ki te waiho i te āhua paerewa o te waro graphite, hei utu o taimana. tango ano ki pūkete te pēhanga me te pāmahana, i ko, te tikanga i roto i nei te tīmatanga te tauhohe i wae. E taea e ki te faaitoito mana nui i runga i te tauhohenga enei inenga ā, kua nui haere iti nui o te pūngao ranei. I roto i te tikanga ki te mahi i ngā tātaitanga taketake i roto i te thermochemistry faaoti ki te whakamahi i ngā tohu raima o te pēhanga, me te pāmahana.

tikanga paerewa

No te mea te wera o te hanganga o te mea - he i ngā āhuatanga paerewa te faaotiraa o te pānga o te pūngao, te wehewehe ratou motuhake. Temperature whiriwhiri hoki te tātai o 298K (25 nekehanga centigrade) Pressure - 1 huru. I roto i te tua, he wāhi nui, i te mea utu aufauraa i te whakarongo ki ko te meka e te wera o te hanganga mo tetahi matū ohie he kore. Ko te arorau tenei, no te mea te matū ohie e kore e hanga i a ratou ano, e ko, kahore he kohi pūngao mō ratou takanga.

huānga o thermochemistry

Ko tēnei wāhanga o te matū hou kua he mahu'inga motuhake, no te mea kei te ki konei reira kawea i roto i ngā tātai nui e hua e whakamahia ana i roto i te whakatupuranga mana waiariki. I roto i te thermochemistry, i reira e maha ngā me ngā ariā e he nui ki te mahi ki te tiki i nga hua e hiahiatia ana. Ko te hāwera (? H) tohu e tangohia e wahi he tauhohenga matū i roto i te pūnaha kati, kahore he pānga i runga i te whakautu i te tahi atu matū hohe, i tonu te pēhanga. Tenei whakamārama taea ki a koe te kōrero e pā ana ki te tika o te tātaitanga whakamana.

I runga anō i te aha whakaaro ahua o tauhohenga te, kia tino rerekē te rahi me te tohu o te pānga ngāwhā hua. Na, no te faafariuraa katoa e pā ana i te whāwehe o ngā matū matatini ki te maha wāhanga ohie, kua riro te reira absorption wera. Hono i te plurality o rauemi tauhohenga tīmata i roto i te hua matatini atu tahi e te tuku o moni nui o te pūngao.

mutunga

I roto i te whakaoti i tetahi raruraru matūrewarau tono te taua hātepe o mahi. Tuatahi, i roto i te tepu takoto te mo ia wāhanga tīmata, me te hua tauhohe rahinga o te wera o te hanganga, e kore wareware i te āhua whakahiato. Next, rite ana ture Hess patu ki te whakatau i te rahinga unknown.

kia utua ngā whakarongo ki te pūkete āhuatanga stereochemical ngā aroaro o te taonga tuatahi whakamutunga ranei i roto i te whārite ngā. Ki te te tauhohenga ko matū ohie, he rite ki te kore ratou mahana paerewa o hanganga, i.e., taua wāhanga i kahore pānga i runga i te hua whiwhi e te tātaitanga. Whakamātauria ki te whakamahi i te mōhiohio i runga i te tauhohenga motuhake. Ki te tango tatou hei tauira te tukanga o te hanganga o te rino waikura (Fe ³⁺⁾ konganuku parakore i te tauhohe i ki te graphite, e taea te kitea te uara tohutoro tikakatanga paerewa o te hanganga. Hoki te rino waikura (Fe ³⁺⁾ ka waiho reira -822,1 kJ / mol mo te graphite (taonga ohie) ko te kore. Ko te tauhohenga hua hua haukino (CO), mo e te tohu kua he uara o - 110,5 kJ / mol, i tukua te wera o te hanganga hāngai rino ki te kore. Tuhi tikakatanga paerewa o te hanganga o tenei pāhekoheko matū āhuatanga te rite e whai ake nei:

_Mō 298 H = 3 × (-110,5) -? (-822,1) = -331,5 + 822,1 = 490,6 kJ.

Tātari whiwhi e te ture Hess hua tau, he reira taea ki te hanga i te mutunga arorau e te tukanga ko te faafariuraa pauwera, i.e. riro te reira zatrachivaniya pūngao rino whakaiti tauhohenga o tona waikura ferric.