Ko te ture tuatahi o thermodynamics - ko reira te timatanga o nga mea katoa

Ko te kaupapa o te ako o thermodynamics ko te pūngao i roto i to'na mau huru katoa me, tino nui, ngā whakawhitinga pūngao i tetahi ahua ki tetahi. Reira na tupu e ahu te wā i roto i nga ra wawe o rangahau i roto i te mara o te rangahau pūngao, me i taua wa he rārangi o rerekē momo o te pūngao , ko tonu iti - hangarau, me te ngāwhā. No reira, te ingoa "thermodynamics" tino tika whakaata te mauri o te ahanoa - te kaupapa (whakawhitinga), me te faafariuraa ki te mahi mīhini wera me te hurihia. Ina e nga ariā o characterizing tukanga waiariki: wera o hononga, kaha wera, ka, hopea, te nui wae o te wera - pūngoi (1772 M.Vilke). ka tangohia te reira i te wā, me te ka kia whakatakoto te ture tuatahi o thermodynamics, engari ko nga nekehanga te hua o te mahi pakeke o maha kairangahau.

Hei ako i te ture o thermodynamics e te tahi mau tikanga whāngai, tuku te ako ngā te ahanoa me tautuhi i ona āhuatanga ki te kia ako. E faahoho'ahia e ngā pūnaha kati o te maha nui o matūriki Ahanoa o ako. Ki te taea te pūnaha whakatau nga rohe o te tetahi rōrahi, huaina ai ko te tinana. Here a reira ko te whai wāhi nui i roto i te mahi thermodynamic: te pūnaha o matūriki roto i roto i te tetahi rōrahi - haurehu pai. I roto i te tukanga o te pūnaha thermodynamic pūngao panoni taui tona ahua, a kua whakaahuatia enei huringa i te huinga o ngā ariā - te tawhā tukanga. Ki te tango te tawhā te T pāmahana, te V rōrahi me te pēhanga P, he reira rawaka ki te whakaahua a ratou tetahi tukanga thermodynamic. E whakaaro ngā pūnaha katoa anake hoki āhua taurite. Ko te whakatūnga o te taurite, hei tauira, wera, - he tukanga whakawhiti wera - mātao te tahi mea, me te heats te tahi mea. I roto i tenei take, i te maha o "utua - riro" ka kia, rite ki te ture tuatahi o thermodynamics, te taua. Na konei takoto te raruraru matua, ko te e hoki tenetere, pūtaiao whakatau: kaiuru Rapu o pākia pūngao me ki te whakatau i to ratou tūranga i roto i te tukanga.

Ko te pūtake o te ariā o thermodynamics taputapu e 3 ture. Kei te riro te reira e taea te tinana e haru pūngao, te whakanui ake i ona roto (hei tauira, whakawera) me / ranei e tika ana ki tona pūngao ā-ki te mahi i te mahi ki te hinga ope waho (hei tauira, e aki ana i te plunger). Nä, tukinotia te ture tuatahi o thermodynamics te e whai ake: te huringa i roto i te pūngao ā- U o te tinana, ko te moni o te pūngao whenumi ratou Q pūngao me ope waho A. Pāngarau, faaite tenei kei roto i te huringa ore e whai ake:

du = DQ + da (1)

I roto i te meka, ko reira te ture o te atawhai o te pūngao, ka taea e tatou te mea, te ture o te ora.

Kei te nuinga o ngā āhuatanga tukanga thermodynamic whakaaro i roto i te tauira, te wahi te reo e mahi ana e te hau tino e kia wera, me te / ranei ki te mahi i runga i te reira i te ope waho mahi aunoa (kōpeketanga - roha) i te tikanga o te kōkeke, me tetahi o nga tawhā - pēhanga P, rōrahi V me te pāmahana T - ko te taimau. Taupānga o te ture tuatahi o thermodynamics ki izoprotsessam ki te whakatau puna pūngao farii mō ngā āhuatanga motuhake.

tikanga tukanga Isochoric e V = const. Nā ki te meka e te mahi aunoa kahore he wātea, no te mea e kore e rōrahi huri mā te para anake e taea te whakanui ake i te pūngao ā-, a ka: Da = pdV = 0, a konei du = DQ a taea whakatau i te reira i te hononga:

DQ = (m / M) * CV * Dt (2)

Ko te kupu, he tika ana ki te whakapiki ake i roto i te pāmahana tukanga isochoric.

tukanga Isobaric whai wāhi p = const, a he makona tenei huru, ki te te inu mahi ina mahi wera te mahi aunoa, mo te tauira, nekehanga o te kōkeke. Ki te tahuri koe ki te tono faaiteraa ki pūngao wera, me te whārite o Mendeleev-Clapeyron, taea ngāwari tetahi whiwhi he kīanga mō te tātai i te aunoa mahi o hau :

A = (m / M) * R * (T2 - T1) (3)

R - hau tamau, a te tikanga mahi ki te whakapiki ake i te rōrahi o te hau i roto i te nui o tetahi kamiriona, ki te te huringa pāmahana ia tohu Kelvin. Conclusion: i raro i isobaric hau tukanga kapi whakawera pūngao (2) me te pau wahi o te pūngao ā-nui haere e te toronga (3).

He tukanga i roto i nei T = const, i roto i thermodynamics huaina isothermal. Ko tōna ngako ko e i whakawera o te pūngao ā-Kei te tino pau i roto i te mahi o ope waho preodoleniiyu. kōrero te ture tuatahi o thermodynamics mō izoprotsessov e ki te mau tonu i te pāmahana tinana tamau o tona pūngao ā-hanga ake mo te utu o te raveraa i te ohipa aunoa, ka tei runga i te huringa pēhanga. Tātaihia te utu pūngao e taea kia i te faaiteraa:

Q = A = (m / M) * R * T * (ln (P1 / P2)).