Ko te whakakotahitanga o Tiamana i roto i te tau 1990, me ona nunu'a tōrangapū

Ko te whakakotahitanga o Tiamana i roto i te tau 1990 tohua te taumira o te pātai Tiamana. I whakatuwheratia te reira mai te wa o te Pakanga II o te Ao, ka kore i tae te whenua wikitoria te whakaaro o whakaaro i runga i te heke mai o ratou rohe mahi i roto i te whenua te kaipahua, o mua. Ko te take mō tenei mau takarepa o te wa, i mahi i te āhuatanga e rite ana te aroraa o te Soviet Union me te Te Hau-ā-uru. Ko te Pātai Tiamana kua ki rö tonu pakū o mānukanuka ao.

Oia mau, i roto i te whakakotahitanga o Germany nui tōrangapū e te mau peresideni o te USSR me te US, Mikhail Gorbachev ko George HW Bush. Te kore te pai ai o nga superpowers e rua, e kore i taea te whakatau te pātai o te parau tumu o te āhua tōrangapū. Heoi, nga upoko o te nui rawa whenua-kaioati anake whakaaro nga kōwhiringa pāwhaitua whakaarohia. Me kï reira e te kororia motuhake - ki te kia whakawhiwhia te taitara tohu o te architect o te Germany tahoê, he hakari he ōhanga kaha tino hou i roto i Europe, no reira ki te kaitōrangapū German Helmut Kohl. korero poto e pā ana ki reira.

Tumuaki: "whakakotahitanga German"

Ko te tangata ahurei tenei. ora ia wha wā: II War World, te whakaoranga o te ōhanga German, tona whanaketanga hihiri, a te mutunga, i hanga i te tahuri o te rau tau XX kua he wāhi nui rite te kaitōrangapū i roto i te reunification o Tiamana (1990). ua patua tumuaki i te taumata o te mātauranga i whiwhi e te ati, ka wehea whenua, me whakapono i roto i tona feohi heke mai. Heoi, e kore e ara tumanako e ka tīmata te tukanga tuitui na hihiri. I te iti rawa, kia rite ki ana tauākī mua, i whakapono ia e kore e tupu tenei hui i roto i tona ora.

Kohl rite te kaupapa pro-Tiamana i auaha, me te mau ia vai. Tona aroraa ki Margaret Thatcher, e tamata ki whakaroa te tukanga nui taea, e whakahonore ia ia.

Tiamana, kei te mahara ia kia rite ki te "tumuaki o kotahitanga Tiamana." E kua riro te kāwanatanga e hānga ana nga tari matua o te rōpū, a hohoro ka Kohl te tumuaki tuatahi o te Germany kotahi. te whāinga o tēnei tuhinga ki te whakanui i te whakakotahitanga o Tiamana rite te tukanga, te aufauraa i whakarongo ki ona akiakinga me kaupae taketake.

mana GDR: kaihau tōrangapū

hapori Undemocratic, arahina e te koretake o te ōhanga i roto i te aratau ā-o te GDR tauira 90-doma o te rau tau whakamutunga kua te kaupapa o maha fakaangá o historiography. O ngā āhuatanga ōhanga tino maha hua kāwanatanga takarepa pūtea o te GDR, me te te tupu o te nama ke. Heoi, he whānuitanga noa nui i whakaaro te oraraa o te GDR rite te kāwanatanga ki te hei i te niu o tona pūnaha tōrangapū. rangatira Communist Party Erich Honecker te Tiamana, me te inaianei ho'i i huaina te "Iron Erich."

kauwhau ia kotahitanga o whakahau, i te rapu ki nga mea hou. Ko te fâ o te Communism, nui reira nga tūmanako o te Tiamana. Na reira, ko te hua tuatahi o te ara i roto i te kaupapa o te iwi GDR ko tona tango i te kaha, i te 17.10.1989

Heoi, i roto i te tirohanga o te GDR mana'oo tūmatanui, ara he kaupae stabilization whaitake whakaarohia e tona mono Egon Krenz, i kua koretake.

Ko čtahi mō te kotahitanga

taua tau o te oraraa o te German Democratic Republic i. Ko reira mārama e kore i taea e te whakakotahitanga o Germany tango wahi i runga i te mau parau tumu o te hanganga kāwanatanga tawhitotia o te GDR. kitea tenei i roto i:

• huringa i ërä o te pūnaha tōrangapū i te whakaritenga o te mākete, whakaritea ki te tauira Soviet (Gorbachev, perestroika), Pourihi (maha-rōpū);
• te hanganga tūturu o te 12.09.2009 pato'iraa mōhiotia - kaupapa "Democracy teie mahana";
• te waiho i nga titauraa matua o te pato'iraa - he kōrero motu;
• ngana i tētahi otinga hōia ki te raruraru rerenga, te whakamahi i kokota tāpoi ki Germany roto Hungary me Austria (karanga tangata GDR ki te German Embassy mō te whakarurutanga tōrangapū a riro taua);
• te waiho i te pai ai o te iwi i roto i pōtitanga terenga rewa taratara tū i roto i te Haratua 1989

Germany A'e faufaa hou

Me kï reira e, i roto i nga meatanga o nga hiahiatanga nui, pai atu i te take hipoki. I tū te whakakotahitanga o Tiamana i roto i te tau 1990 i te pai ai o te iwi Tiamana, e tonu ki te ite kotahi i roto i te Federal Republic o Tiamana me te Tiamana Democratic Republic. Tatou, o te akoranga, e kore e tangohia ki pūkete te tauākī o etahi kaitōrangapū tuwhena (Na, he ratou kaupapa here). E kore e tatou hiahia i roto i tatauranga, hāngai i runga i te rerekētanga i waenganui i te ōhanga o Te Tai Rāwhiti me te Tiamana Te Hau-ā-uru, me te "rangahau" ake o ngā kairīpoata i runga i te tumu parau. Whakamārama i runga i tenei take, tapaea tatou i roto i te mutunga o te tuhinga.

Ko te mea matua - te tahi atu: hiahia uniana tata katoa Tiamana. Tutakina, tenei tukanga tiaki o nga whenua wikitoria. I muri i te katoa, i mohio katoa: ka waiho i te whenua-rangatira hou i roto i Europe. Aua'e, te wehi whakamatauria faufaa: hou Germany i te tahuri o te kaiārahi XXI rautau whiriwhiri te ara o te kōmitimiti Pākehā, e kore e aroraa.

He aha i nga Tiamana ia ratou ki te hanumi?

I te press o taua wa hipokina maha tuhinga te reunification o Tiamana i roto i te tau 1990, te uiui i te rota o te iwi. Te tātari i te uiuinga ki nga Tiamana ratou e pā ana ki to ratou huru ki to ratou āhua hou, ka taea e tatou e faaoti e mo te wahi tino whai ratou i te ara motuhake ki te karanga ratou whenua. Na tona ingoa, rangona i roto i enei uiuinga, i kore hāngai ki riro te pā i Germany.

iwi noa, e kore te kupu e mea ana, ka karanga i te reira rite te Germany nui e kore e anake. Heoi, i roto i o ratou kupu kore reira i ite e kore te whakapehapeha ranei fakaaoao. Ratou (ua reira) mea te mana'o, engari i te ngakau, me enei kupu ki te whakarongo i te pai ai ki te kotahitanga, me te ki te iwi roa-mauiui o te ao, haere he rota o ngā whakamātautau. i rite ki te mahi me te ora i roto i te whenua kotahi enei iwi.

Ko te akiaki a te tukanga whakakotahitanga

O te akoranga, te whakangaromanga o te Berlin Wall, i mahi rite te hokohoko atu arorau o te whakakāhoretanga o 09.11.1989, whakakorehia nga mana GDR i runga i ngā haerenga ki Te Hau-ā-uru Berlin, kua meinga hei tohu o catalyzing whakakotahitanga o Germany (1990).

I roto i te poto, faataipe tenei whare te wehenga o nga Tiamana. Ratou i 13.8.1961, ko ia i runga i te paenga o 165 kiromita te taiepa atu rohe o te hapori German Democratic Republic (konstitutsionalizirovannoy rohe mahi Soviet) i Te Hau-ā-uru Berlin.

Kua āraia rangatira te kupu hapori te rere o te iwi e moemoea o noho i roto i te hapori mākete, i roto i te meka waimarie, mau "i te tahi atu taha o te Paruru Auri" ki te hanga o te taiepa, i whiwhi ai te reira i te rota - e pā ana ki 2 miriona iwi ..

He maha hītori whakapono te Rubicon era hou e kore ara te whakakotahitanga o Tiamana i roto i 1990, me te whakangaromanga o nga taiepa.

faauruhia te reira i wehi te iwi rangimarie. Na roto i te tangata GDR rapu ki te tiki ki te "pirau ao o Te Hau-ā-uru Berlin" a loto ngana ki te hinga tenei 5-mita taiepa tiketike ki te waea tao i runga i runga, me pourewa me te paenga, whakatuwheratia gunmen ahi. Tuhia e pā ana ki te mea te reira pouri, engari te hītori o te oraraa o tenei whare i te 1065 kino e nga mate o civilians harakore.

He tetahi merekara e te iwi i runga i te upoko o i nga Carriers wha tekau tau, na faaite ratou hiahia mo te haere noa?

Ko te ōwehenga o te whenua tiai ki te tuitui o te āhua Tiamana

Ingarangi ko France mahino ōkawa te tūturu o te kōmitimiti German, kia hoatu ai oangé, e kore e tino whakatere te whakakotahitanga o Germany (1990). i heke tūranga whenua 'ki ki faataime te tukanga.

Hei tauira, whakaekea British te Pirimia a Margaret Thatcher te tīmatanga ki te tango i te wahi i roto i te whakahounga wā roa-e hāngai ana-mākete GDR. "Ko e Iron Lady" Kua toutou fakamamafa'i e "kore e ano te Tiamana Association i te rārangi take." French peresideni Fransua Mitteran i iti categorical, ahakoa e kia te nuinga whakaritea reira ki te taunekeneke ki te Federal Republic o Germany Tiamana Democratic Republic, rite kua mahi ai ki a Austria (ki tētahi atu āhua Tiamana).

Hoki te wehi o nga kau taki i etahi turanga. I muri i te mana e te mea i te timatanga me te i roto i te waenganui o te rautau XX ko te initiator o te pakanga e rua ao ora, kua timata i roto i Europe.

He aha e wehi o ratou? Ka rite ki kotahi tuhituhi Karl Marx, Germany - "he konihi e hiahia ana ki te wawahia ano te ao o ao o mana i roto i to ratou manakohia." Heoi, faifai whakahaere Chancellor Helmut Kohl ki whakapati noho tata te pai-aroha me te prohelsinskoy mārohirohi tūranga Pākehā noa o te āhua German hou ki.

Ko te Hononga o Amerika i te timatanga te kitenga e muri i te whakakotahitanga o Tiamana i roto i te 1990 ka riro i te pokapū hou o EU rōpū. Tenei whenua noa'tu ko te hoa rautaki pono o te tuitui Tiamana. Te Soviet Union, i tahuri, kihai i hanga i tetahi raruraru mo te moe o te iwi Tiamana.

Ko te tukanga o te whakakotahi i

tūranga ture i runga i whakakotahitanga Tiamana i whakawhanakehia mua, ka whakaaetia i te hainatanga o te Tiriti, faatere i te whakataunga whakamutunga o te pātai Tiamana.

I hainatia te whakaaetanga e te tātai "4 + 2": Te Hau-ā-uru Germany, Te Tai Rāwhiti Germany, USA, USSR, UK, France. ka mau wahi hainatanga takekore i runga i 31.08.1990, i roto i te Berlin Palace "unter Den Linden". Ko te huru o tenei hui whakakitea e te kaupapa tino nui i roto i te mutunga o XX rautau, ko te ora o Europe te reunification o Tiamana (1990).

Photos o Heads o State, me te te tangata i te hui, tohu e "hītori roto i te mahi" i roto i te taiepa o te pa. O te akoranga, ko te turai ārahi te tuitui o te kotahitanga motu. Ko reira he tauira mo te hononga i roto i tetahi āhua o öhanga rerekē e rua me ngā pūnaha pāpori o te kāwanatanga.

I runga i te Tiriti whakakotahitanga

Mua i te āhua German haina te whakaaetanga hoatu te Minita o te Interior Volfang Shoyble Te Hau-ā-uru Germany me te State Hekeretari o te Pāremata o te GDR Günther Krause. Ko te kirimana ano ko ki te whakatinana i te tikanga o Tuhinga XXIII o te Ture Tiamana e hono te GDR ki te FRG.

12.09.1990 i Moscow nga Minita o Aorere o nga whenua tiai hainatia te Tiriti hopea noho tenei tukanga.

Ka rite ki te hua, kia rite ki te kirimana, i 0 haora 00 meneti o 14.10.1990, i roto i te Federal Republic o Germany tomo nga whenua Tiamana hītori: te rohe o Te Tai Rāwhiti Berlin, Thuringia, Saxony-Anhalt, Saxony, Mecklenburg-Vorpommern, Brandenburg.

Ko te whakakotahitanga o Tiamana i roto i te rite ki era atu meatanga o 1990

He mea pākiki - hītori. maha hua tona tātaritanga hua ngā.

o te wehenga me te āhua pereosoznaniya tauira Tiamana e hiahiatia ana i mua i ngā mahere te wā roa hei te mooni. He aha whiwhi tatou he whakahoki, ki te ui ki a koutou (te tikanga e kore e te āhuatanga wā, me te ƒcivilisation≈): "? Ko te whakakotahitanga o Germany (1990), ka te wahi"

I roto i te tau, ka ka te Soviet Union te rangatira o te tuatahi (me o muri) Peresideni, ka whakaaturia te Armenian SSR whawhai Azerbayzhanskoy SSR, ka whakapumautia te mana maha-rōpū, ka whakamararatia te Pāti Communist i roto i Poland i roto i Yugoslavia (PZPR). Ki te i te tuitui Western Europe tukanga i roto i te Te Tai Rāwhiti - differentiating.

wā vitiviti. Timata i te tukanga o te whaiaro whakaora-o te ao tangata, "kua i mate" nationalism me te Communism. A ko reira faahiahia e kua timata ratou i roto i Europe. Ko wai e whai whakaaro, mo te tauira, e i roto i te rau tau XXI e kia kaupapa here ke Tiamana he take aueue mo te rongo i roto i Europe?

Otiia karanga kōrero te Rubicon Pākehā ko te whakakotahitanga o Germany (1990). Ko te mau hopearaa o tenei hui - te taumauri: hopea timata ki te pāhono i ratou ki te tetahi pätahi nga Pakeha i mua tōrangapū amorphous.

mutunga

Kua whakaaroarohia e mātou te whakakotahitanga o Tiamana i roto i te tau 1990, ako ia hei uiuiraa ki nga Tiamana ratou, me te whakamāoritanga o te press Tiamana. Kia aroha mai, puna kāinga o tenei kōrero - tītaha. Ata i te ngana ki te whakaiti i te tūranga o tenei rōpū.

Hei tauira, kua tupu te reira katinga muri o te GDR-ovskogo ārahi kamupene "Robotron" te hikohiko (hanga, i ngā, i te PC tuatahi). I te wa ano huna i te meka i hokona ona wae e te kamupene "Siemens", e ō ratou ki te hangarau hōu, i runga i te tikanga ara ratou whakataetae i roto i te ao.

Rītaha Ngaro me te pāriha i Germany Te Tai Rāwhiti o ārahi kamupene ao, me te hanganga o ngā hanganga mākete hou (hei tauira, te Frankfurt Stock Exchange). Āwenewene hanga te mana'o e mutu te ora i roto i te GDR ki te rironga o te Federal Republic o Germany e he hepohepo, me te paina mo hapori iwi.

I roto i te vairaa mau, Heoi - he hanganga nui o te ahumahi katoa o te GDR arahina ki te reunification o Tiamana (1990). Poto tona ihirangi hei utu o matū, pueru, metallurgy, mahi hoki nga whenua-pāpori ka anga ki te whakawhanake i rehe pū (te pai mohiotia ai e nga Tiamana - te Engineers pai i roto i te ao), te ahumahi hanga, optics, automotive, ahumahi kai. I whakaritea te tukanga i te Tiamana mau a mārama. Tapahi mahi utu painga, retrained ratou hoki ngā pūkenga hou. Kei te haere mai ki runga iwi ki faatuhaaraa tau, riro tonu te penihana.

Faaoti i te whakaaturanga o tenei pepa, ka faaite tatou i to tatou iteraa e te whakakotahitanga o Tiamana i roto i te tau 1990 me ona pānga tōrangapū e tonu e kore e ata ako, ka tātarihia.