Kōngohe o parahi. Āhuatanga o te parahi

ka karanga te kōngohe susceptibility o konganuku me alloys mō te rikarika ki a ētahi atu momo o te maimoatanga pēhanga. Ka taea e waiho he tuhi tenei, takahi, okeoke pēhi ranei. kōngohe parahi āhuatanga i te reira e kore anake te ātete deformation, engari moldability ano hoki. He aha te mea plasticity? Tenei kaha o te whakarewa ki te huri i ona takiwa i raro i te pēhanga, kahore whawhati. konganuku ngohengohe ngā parahi, rino, duralumin me ētahi atu etahi parahi, konupora, nika, alloys konumohe. E whai ratou ngā te taumata tiketike o te plasticity te ki te ātete iti ki te deformation.

parahi

Te mea faahiahia, rite āhuatanga o te parahi titiro reira? Kei te mohiotia te reira e ko te reira he huānga o te rōpū 11 4 wā o ngā āhuatanga matū D. I. Mendeleeva. He Ko tōna ngota 29 ruma me te tohu e te tohu Cu. I roto i te meka, ko te tauwhirowhiro māwhero whakarewa Kirihou me parauri koura tenei. E te ara, kua reira he tae māwhero, ki te he e ngaro te kiriata waikura. Mai i nga wa onamata, whakamahia tenei āhuatanga e te iwi.

kōrero

Ko tētahi o nga konganuku tuatahi i timata ai te tangata ki te whakamahi i mātātoa i roto i tona ohanga, he parahi. Ko e mo'oni, rawa he reira e wātea ana mō te taenga mai te ore me he ira whakakoero iti. Kua roa i mohiotia te reira ki te taata whitu konganuku, ano nei ngā parahi. I roto i te natura, he atu noa atu i te hiriwa, te koura rino ranei tenei huānga. ahanoa tahito o te parahi para, ko te kawenata ki tona tango, o tokahuke. i kitea ratou i nga karikari o te whakataunga Çatalhöyük. Kei te mohiotia te reira i e i roto i te kapa Age i whānui mea parahi. whai ia i te kohatu i roto i te aamu ao.

S. A. Semonov ki kaimahi whakahaere rangahau whakamātautau e kitea e taputapu parahi i roto i te rite ki te painga kohatu i roto i ngā huarahi maha. E ratou he teitei tere tōtika, he kōhao, tapahi me te räkau rakau. He maimoatanga o te maripi wheua parahi pumau rite nui, me te kohatu. Otira whakaaro konukura te he whakarewa ngohengohe.

Tino maha, i roto i nga wa onamata i whakamahia ai hei utu o te parahi koranu ki tine - parahi. I takoto te tikanga mo te hanga o patu, me te tahi atu mau mea. Na, ki te whakakapi i te konukura Age ka haere mai te parahi. Parahi mo te wa tuatahi i riro i roto i te Middle Te Tai Rāwhiti mō te 3000 tau i BC. e:. te iwi, ano he kaha me te kōngohe pai o te parahi. Mai i te parahi hua haere taputapu nui, me te hopu, rihi, whakapaipai. E kitea katoa o enei tūemi i roto i ngā whaipara tangata. I tua atu, ka hoatu e te parahi Age ara ki te rino.

Me pēhea te ki te tiki i taea te parahi i roto i nga wa onamata? I te tīmatanga, e kore e tangohia ai i te sulfide me i ore malachite. Oia mau, i roto i tenei take, ki te whai wāhi i roto i te pupuhi tuatahi kihai i tika. Hoki tenei ranunga ore me te waro i whakanohoia i roto i te oko oneone. whakaturia te oko i roto i te poka pāpaku, ka mura te ranunga te. Next tīmata ki te whakaputa i te waro haukura, i whai wāhi ki te faaho'iraa mai o malachite parahi noa.

Kei te mohiotia te reira i e i Kaiperu i te toru o mano tau hanga BC i maina parahi, i runga i nei i kawea ai i roto i tango,.

I runga i nga whenua o Russia me āhua tata kua puta maina parahi mo te rua tauatini BC. e. Ko o ratou ururua i roto i te Urals, ko Ukraine, me te Caucasus, me te Altai, a i roto i te Siberia tawhiti.

whakamahi parahi rewa Industrial i roto i te tekau ma toru te rau tau. A i roto i te tekau ma rima Cannon Yard whakapumautia i roto i Moscow. I te reira i reira i roto i te parahi maka pū o calibers rerekē. pau nui maere o te parahi i runga whakangao o pere. I roto i te 1586, maka te parahi i Tsar Cannon, i roto i 1735 - i te Tsar Bell i te 1782. I hanga te parahi kaieke hoiho. I roto i te 752, whakaputaina te ariki nehenehe whakapakoko Big Buddha i te temepara o Temipale Todai-ji. I roto i te whānui, i te rārangi o mahi o faaiopoiporaa toi he mutunga.

I roto i te rau tau tekau ma waru kitea iwi hiko. Ko reira ka e timata moni nui o te parahi ki te waiho mo te hanga o te waea me te hua rite. I roto i te rau tau rua tekau, kua ako te waea ki te hanga konumohe, engari parahi i roto i te engineering hiko tonu i mahu'inga nui.

Origin o te ingoa

Na e matau ana koutou ki ta Cuprum - ko te ingoa Latin o parahi, i takea mai i te ingoa o te motu o Kaiperu? E te ara, i roto i Strabo parahi halkosom tapanga - te pa o Halkida i runga i Euboea hara o te take mai o te ingoa. Kua tangohia te nuinga o ngā ingoa Kariki parahi, me te parahi ngā wahi ko reira i tenei kupu. Kei te whakamahia whānuitia ratou i roto i te parakimete, i roto i rikarika ki a maka ana hua. Ētahi wā ka kīia ki rite parahi AES, e te tikanga ore taku ranei.

E kore te Ko te Slavic kupu "parahi" korerotia Etymology. Pea ko reira tawhito. Otira kei te tino maha kitea reira i roto i te urupa tino tawhito tuhituhi o Russia. riro V. I. Abaev e mai tenei kupu i te ingoa o te whenua o nga Meri. Parahi Alchemists huaina "Venus". I roto i ngā wā mua i huaina ai "Mars".

Kei hea ko te parahi i roto i te natura?

mau te kirinuku (4,7-5,5) x 10 ^-3% parahi (na roto i te pauna). Ko te wai te wai, me te moana awa ko reira nui iti: 10 ^-7%, me te 3 x 10 ^-7% (e taimaha) aua.

I roto i te natura, e te tino maha pūhui parahi. Ka whakamahi te ahumahi CuFeS ₂ chalcopyrite huaina pyrites parahi, bornite Cu ₅ FeS _4, chalcocite Cu ₂ S. Wä iwi kitea me ētahi atu kohuke parahi cuprite Cu ₂ E, Cu azurite ₃ (CO _{3) 2} (OH) _2, Cu malachite ₂ CO ₃ (OH) ₂ me covellite CuS. Tino maha, te taimaha takitahi o tautau parahi ki runga ki te 400 taranata. sulfides parahi e hanga e te nuinga i roto i te uaua parawhenuatia reo-pāmahana. E mea pinepine i roto i te toka parataiao e taea kitea putunga parahi - tokauku me te parahi sandstones. Ko nga putunga tino mohiotia i roto i te Trans-Baikal Territory Udokan Zhezkazgan i katatānga, Mansfeld i Germany me whitiki nectariferous o Awherika Central. Ētahi atu tāpui taonga parahi kei roto i Chile (Kolyausi ko Escondida) me te USA (Morensi).

Te nuinga o te ore parahi keri e tuwhera tikanga. Kei reira i 0.3 ki te 1.0% parahi.

ngā āhuatanga ōkiko

He hiahia i roto i te whakaahuatanga o te parahi maha kaipānui. Tenei māwhero kirihou me te whakarewa koura. I tona mata tonu hipokina te rangi ki te waikura kiriata, e homai ana e ia he ahua o te hue kaha whero-kōwhai. Te mea faahiahia, te kiriata angiangi o te parahi he tae puru-matomato.

Osmium, caesium, parahi, me te koura i roto i te tae i te taua tae, rerekē i te tahi atu whakarewa hina hiriwa ranei. Tenei oro tae tohu te aroaro o ngā whakawhitinga irahiko i waenga i te wha o hawhe-kau, me te ki tonu ki te toru o orbitals ngota. I waenganui ia ratou i reira he he tetahi rerekētanga pūngao e hāngai ana ki te roangaru o te karaka te tae. Ko te pūnaha taua he kawenga mō te tae motuhake o te koura.

He aha te āhuatanga ake mīharo o te parahi? Tenei whakarewa tikanga he mea ripekapeka pūtoru mata-faatumuhia, he rōpū wāhi Fm3m, he = 0,36150 nm, Z = 4.

He parahi atu rongonui o te kawe ia hiko, me te ngāwhā tiketike. E ai ki te pupuri nāianei ko reira i roto i te konganuku i roto i te wahi tuarua. Ratau, parahi nui kua he whakarea pāmahana o te resistance me te ko tata motuhake o ona tohu i te whānuitanga pāmahana whānui. i huaina parahi te diamagnetic.

He whānui alloys parahi. ako te iwi ngā ki te konutea me te parahi, te hiriwa nika me te konukōreko, me te Babbitt mata, parahi, me te tine, me ētahi atu konganuku.

kanoirite parahi

E rua kanoirite pūmau parahi - ⁶³ Cu me ⁶⁵ Cu, e whai he nuinga o 69,1 me 30,9 ōrau ngota aua. Ko te tikanga, i reira e neke atu i te rua kanoirite tatini he kahore pūmautanga. Ko te kanoirite roa-ora ko ⁶⁷ Cu ki te hawhe ora o 62 haora.

Me pēhea te ki te tiki i te parahi?

Production o parahi ko te tukanga rawa ngā. rite tēnei whakarewa te i tokahuke parahi, me ngā kohuke. Ko te tikanga taketake o te faaineineraa e parahi hydrometallurgy, pyrometallurgy, me iahiko.

A feruri i te tikanga pyrometallurgical. E ai ki te tikanga, te parahi i tokahuke sulfidic, pērā i chalcopyrite, CuFeS _2. Ko te feedstock chalcopyrite ko 0,5-2,0% Cu. Tuatahi, ko te ore tuatahi ko te waka. Na, ko te oxidizing tahaki reira i te pāmahana o 1400 nekehanga. haere atu kareti tinana ki te tango, ki te Hāmā. Hoki here i te waikura rino i roto i te rewanga e tapiritia takawai.

Ko te magnesium hua rite para e taritari me te wehea. I te raro tonu Hāmā - sulphides koranu CU ₂ S me FeS. I tua atu, kua rewa ai e te tikanga o Henry Bessemer. Ki tenei mutunga, ringihia te pūtahuri te Hāmā whakarewa. Katahi ka purea e te ipu i ki te hāora. He pūngāwhā rino, i oxidized ki waikura te whakamahi i takawai nekehia atu i te tukanga rite te magnesium. e kore te mea tino sulfide parahi e oxidized ki parahi waikura, engari ka heke ki te parahi konganuku.

Ko te parahi namunamu whiwhi roto 90,95% o te whakarewa. Next, kua waiho i raro i te reira ki te horoi -hiko. Te mea faahiahia, te kawehiko ko te otinga waikawa o te konukura pākawa ngāwhā.

Kei te hanga e te reira i runga i te pitoiho parahi -hiko e he auau nui o e pā ana ki 99.99%. Ahanoa i hanga o parahi hua rawa rerekē: waea, taputapu hiko, alloys.

Ko ahua rerekē tikanga Hydrometallurgical. whakarerea rewa kohuke He parahi i roto i te waikawa pungatara otinga ammoniacal ranei. Mai i te wai rite hiki whakarewa parahi rino.

āhuatanga Chemical o parahi

I roto i te pūhui o te parahi whakaatu āhua hāora rua +1 me +2. Ko te tuatahi o enei e whangai ana ki te kia taikaha me te he kainga anake i roto i te pūhui rewa complexes ranei. Ratau, parahi pūhui taekore.

Ko te āhua piti hāora o +2 atu eu. Ko homai reira te puru tote me te Kawariki. I roto i te mau huru rerekē kia rite pūhui ki te tohu o te piti hāora o +3 me +5 noa. kei te kitea te whakamutunga i roto i tai kupraboranovogo anion whiwhi i roto i 1994.

e kore te parahi Pure i roto i te rangi ke. e kore e tenei kaihoko whakaiti ngoikore ariu ki te waikawa pūmāota memeha, me te wai. Oxidized hauota hāngai me waikawa pungatara, kōnakonako, hāora, me "regia kori", waikura o-konganuku kore, chalcogens. A, no te wera, tauhohe reira ki halides hauwai.

Ki te he hou te rangi, kua oxidized te parahi, hanga he pākawa parahi taketake (II). tauhohe reira tino ki te waikawa pungatara kukū wera, me te matao, anhydrous waikawa pungatara wera.

Ki te memeha parahi waikawa pūhaumāota tauhohe i te aroaro o te hāora.

parahi matū tātari

Te tangata e matau e tenei matū. He ngāwari ki te kite konukura i roto i te otinga. Ki te mahi i tenei, he waea konukawata whakamakuku te otinga whakamātautau, a ka tāpiri i te reira ki te muratahi he mura muratahi. Ki te he reira i roto i te otinga parahi, ka kia tae te mura i roto i matomato, me te puru. Me mohio koe e:

• Tikanga, whanganga te nui o parahi i roto i te rongoā ngonge waikawa e te tikanga o te hauwai sulfide: ko reira whakauru ki te taonga. Tikanga, tīwharawhara te sulfide parahi.
• I roto i aua rongoā te wahi kahore he katote pokanoa, parahi whakatau complexometric, potentiometric potentiometrically ranei.
• whanganga iti o te parahi i roto i te otinga te tikanga spectral me nekeneke.

Ko te whakamahi o te parahi

whakaae ako Konukura Ko te mea rawa whakangahau. Ko te kupu, ko te whakarewa hohe he resistivity iti. Nā ki tenei kounga o te parahi whakamahia mo te hanga o te kaha hiko, me te tahi atu taura, waea, me te tahi atu conductors. waea konukura whakamahia i roto i te kopiko o nga transformers mana me puku hiko. Hei waihanga i te tuhinga whakarewa i faahitihia tīpakohia rawa ma, mai poke tonu whakaiti i te kawe ia hiko. Ki te he reira parahi i roto i te 0.02% o te konumohe, ki tona kawe ia hiko iti e 10%.

Ko tētahi atu āhuatanga whai hua ko te kawe ia waiariki pai o te parahi. Nā ki tenei taonga e whakamahia ana e ia i roto i te whānuitanga o exchangers wera, paipa wera, pūrere teplootvodnyh me faatoetoeraa rorohiko.

A kei hea te te pakeke o te parahi whakamahia? Kei te mohiotia te reira e whai tui o ngongo parahi o te wāhanga ripeka porohita pai aunoa kaha. E pai ratou te tu whāwhā mīhini me e whakamahia ana ki te neke wai me te hau. Tikanga, ka taea te kitea ratou i roto i te ā-pūnaha hau supply me supply wai, pūnaha whakawera. Kei te whakamahia whānuitia ratou i roto i ngā waeine Refrigeration me ngā pūnaha rangi conditioning.

mohiotia pakeke pai o te parahi i roto i nga whenua maha. Ko te kupu, i roto i France, te UK ko Ahitereiria, ko nga putorino parahi whakamahia mō te hau supply o whare i roto i te Sweden - mo te whakawera, i roto i te US, UK ko Hong Kong - ko te rauemi matua mō te supply wai.

I roto i Russia, hanga o te wai me te hau parahi ngongo tonu o paerewa GOST R 52318-2005 me Federal Code o Practice SP 40-108-2004 regulates ratou whakamahi. Paipa i hanga o te parahi, me te e whānui ona alloys whakamahia i roto i te mana engineering me te pahi ki te neke mamaoa me te wai.

I mohio koe e kua whakamahia alloys parahi i roto i te whānuitanga o mara o te hangarau? O enei, e whakaaro te rongonui tino ki parahi, me te parahi. alloys rua ngā whānau nui o rauemi, e, haunga te konutea me te tine, kia ngā bismuth, te konukōreko, me te tahi atu konganuku. Hei tauira, whakamahia gunmetal noa te rautau tekau ma iwa mo te hanga o nga pū matā, tito o parahi, tine, me te konutea. rerekē tōna waihanga i runga i te wahi me te wa o pū hanga rānei.

Te tangata e matau te processability pai me te kōngohe tiketike o te parahi. Nā ki enei āhuatanga, te nui maere o te parahi rau mo te hanga o karekau mo nga ringa, me te pū kariri. Ko reira taa'eraa e kua hanga o alloys parahi-silicon, konutea, he tine, konumohe, me te tahi atu rauemi nga wahi. Kei te āhuatanga alloys parahi i te kaha nui, me te tukatuka waiariki pupuri ratou āhuatanga hangarau. takoto ratou resistance kākahu e anake e te hanganga matū me ona pānga i runga i te hanganga. Me kï reira e kore e tenei ture te tono ki te parahi teriuma me etahi bronzes konumohe.

alloys konukura i te uara tawhiti o elasticity raro atu i taua o te maitai. Ka taea te huaina ratou painga matua te whakarea te waku iti, ngā hoki te nuinga o alloys ki te ukanga tiketike, kawe ia hiko pai, me te waikura ātete pai i roto i te taiao ha'iriiri. Ka rite ki te tikanga, ko reira parahi, konumohe, me alloys parahi-nika. Ratau, kua kitea e ratou a ratou tono i roto i o retireti takirua.

Tata alloys parahi katoa i te taua nui o te whakarea te waku. Heoi, ko te ātete kākahu me ngā āhuatanga pūkaha, te whanonga i roto i ngā taiao ha'iriiri he tika ti'aturi i runga i te hanganga koranu. whakamahia te ukanga o parahi te alloys kotahi-wāhanga, me te kaha - i roto i rua ngā wāhanga. Kei te whakamahia Melchior (coppernickel koranu) mo minting te moni. alloys parahi-nika, tae atu "Admiralty", whakamahia i roto i te pahi. O ratou i hanga ngongo mo condensers, horoi mīhini huri hiko whakapau mamaoa. Ko reira taa'eraa e e te matao o te kapohau e vairaa pape. alloys parahi-nika i te ātete te waikura mīharo, kia ahu ratou ki te whakamahi i roto i ngā wāhi e pā ana ki te mana pukuriri o te wai moana.

I roto i te meka, parahi ko te wāhanga nui o te solders totoka - alloys he ira whakakoero o 590 ki te 880 degrees. Ko tūturu i roto i a ratou te reira i te adhesion nui ki te nuinga o ngā konganuku, kia kia tono ratou mo te hononga pūmau o ngā wāhanga whakarewa. kia ēnei whare putorino ranei engines jet inu, i hanga o konganuku Nä.

Na whakarārangi alloys i roto i te mea nui parahi te kōngohe. Duralumin Duralumin ranei he konumohe koranu, me te parahi. Here, parahi he 4.4%. Alloys o parahi ki te koura te maha whakamahia i roto i te whakapaipai. E tika ana ki te whakapai ake i te kaha o te hua ratou. I muri i te katoa, te koura parakore - he whakarewa rawa ngohengohe, e kore e taea e e ātete ki te ahotea aunoa. Products hanga o te koura parakore hohoro hauā me pahore.

Te mea faahiahia, mo te hanganga o te waikura o waikura yttrium-konu-parahi, whakamahia parahi te. tavini ia rite te pūtake mo te hanga o superconductors tiketike-pāmahana. Kei te whakamahia hoki konukura mo te hanga o pūhiko me parahi-ōkai pūtau iahiko.

Ētahi atu wāhanga o te tono

I mohio koe e te tino maha whakamahia parahi hei whakakōkī mo te polymerization o acetylene? E whakaaetia Nā ki tenei taonga o te taiepa parahi whakamahia mō te whakawhiti acetylene ki te tono noa, no te kore e nui ake te ihirangi parahi 64% o ratou.

Kua ako te iwi ki te whakamahi i te kōngohe o parahi i roto i te hoahoanga. Facades me tuanui i hanga i te parahi pepa rawa kikokore, he raruraru-free mō te 150 tau. ngāwari te faataa tenei āhuatanga: i roto i te mau api veo puta tukanga waikura avtozatuhanie. I roto i te Russia, he rau parahi mo facades me tuanui i runga i te tikanga o te Code Federal o Ture SP 31-116-2006.

I roto i te heke mai tata whakamahere iwi ki te whakamahi i parahi rite te papa microbicidal i roto i haumanu mō te ārai kaupapa o huakita paipa. papa katoa e pa te ringa tangata, - nga kakau tatau, puringa, turanga vodozapornaya, countertops, moenga - tohunga ka hua anake i tenei whakarewa mīharo.

tohu parahi

Ko tēhea waitohu o parahi whakamahi iwi mo te hanga o ngā hua e tika ana? He maha ratou: te M00, M0, M1, M2, M3. I roto i te whānui, i tāutuhia te waitohu parahi te viivii o tona ihirangi.

Hei tauira, kei roto māka parahi M1r, M2P ko M3R 0.04% ūkuikui me 0.01% hāora, me nga tohu M1, M2 me M3 - 0.05-0.08% hāora. He ngaro te pane M0b hāora, me tona ihirangi ōrau i 0.02% i roto i te MO.

Ko te kupu, whakaaro tatou i roto i te taipitopito atu te parahi. Ripanga, maka ki runga ki, ka whakarato i ngā mōhiohio tika atu:

parahi Brand	M00	M0	M0b	M1	M1r	M2	M2P	M3	M3R	M4
ōrau ihirangi parahi	99.99	99.95	99,97	99,90	99,70	99,70	99,50	99,50	99,50	99,00

27 ngā kōeke o te parahi

I roto i te katoa i reira e rua tekau-whitu ngā kōeke o parahi. Kei hea rite ko te nui o ngā rauemi parahi te whakamahi i te tangata? Whakaaroa tenei taipitopito mita:

• Kei te whakamahia Cu-DPH rauemi mo te hanga o whare e hiahiatia ana mō te hononga o paipa.
• he tika hoki hanga o anodes wera-whakataka, me te matao-whakataka MAORI.
• Amphoux whakamahia hoki te hanga o anodes matao-whakataka, me te wera-whakataka.
• hiahiatia M0 te ki te waihanga i tētahi conductors tiketike-nāianei me alloys.
• M00 Material whakamahia hoki te hanga o tiketike-koranu me conductors nāianei.
• Kei te whakamahia M001 mo te hanga o te waea, potae me ētahi atu hua hiko.
• M001b tika mō te whakaputa hua hiko.
• whakamahia M00b te ki te hanga i te conductors o alloys tiketike o nāianei, me te apparatuses ahumahi mārua hiko.
• M00k - feedstock mo te hanganga o billets i hira ake, me te maka.
• whakamahia M0b ki te hanga i alloys ki te auautanga tiketike.
• M0k whakamahia hoki te hanga o te maka me workpieces haka.
• e hiahiatia ana M1 mo te hanga o te waea, me te ahumahi o te taputapu cryogenic.
• Kei te whakamahia M16 mo te hanga o hiko whakaaro mārua ahumahi.
• Me M1E ki te waihanga konumohe matao-whakataka, me te rīpene.
• Me M1k ki te waihanga i tētahi āhua-oti hua.
• M1or whakamahia hoki waea whakangao me ētahi atu hua hiko.
• M1r whakamahia hoki hokohoko electrodes whakamahia mō te kakano ia rino, me te parahi.
• e hiahiatia ana M1rE mo te hanga o te Unuhia matao-whakataka, me te konumohe.
• whakamahia M1u ki te hanga i anodes matao-whakataka, me te wera-whakataka.
• Me M1f ki te waihanga i tētahi rīpene, konumohe, pepa wera-whakataka, me te matao-whakataka.
• E whakamahia M2 ki te hanga alloys āhua-oti, me te kē e hāngai ana i runga i parahi.
• M2K whakamahia hoki te hanga o ngā hua āhua-oti.
• M2P hiahiatia hoki rakau ahumahi.
• hiahiatia M3 te mo te hanga o alloys hurihia.
• M3R whakamahi ki te hanga me te whakataka atu alloys.
• Ko faufaa hoki te hanganga o te teriuma parahi MB-1.
• MSr1 whakamahia hoki te hanga o whakaaro hiko.