Konutai phenate: faaineineraa, Āhuatanga Chemical

Phenols - pūhui kakara he kotahi, neke atu rānei ngā rōpū hydroxyl hono ki ngā ngota waro benzenovogo karihi. E ai ki te maha o ngā rōpū OH he taiea phenols pē-, e rua- me trihydric.

phenols Monohydric - pärönaki o benzene me ona homologues i roto i te karihi i whakakapia kotahi ngota hauwai e te rōpū hydroxyl.

Poinanahatanga me nomenclature. I roto i te māngai māmā o phenols - waikawa carbolic (phenol) kore poinanaha, i roto i ona homologs te tīari poinanaha tū o te rōpū hydroxyl i roto i benzonovom matua (Ortho, meta, tūnga para).

Ki phenols ingoa whakamahia e toru nomenclature - hītori, kouma, me te IUPAC. Hoki phenols nomenclature hītori e huaina trivially - phenol (waikawa carbolic), cresols, me ētahi atu

puna Natural hoki enei rauemi he waro uku, te hinu pata, uku tawai, me ētahi atu whakaputaina Coal uku te i roto i waro Māturu maroke. Rauemi mō te whakaputa phenols he tauwaenga (kohua i 170-230 ° C) me te taimaha (kohua i 230-270 ° C) te hinu. I roto i te tukatuka o te konutai waihā i rite te konutai phenolate. Ko te tātai o tenei rauemi ngā o te toenga o te phenol me te konutai.

I raro i ngā āhuatanga taiwhanga, sulphosalts maha kakara (konutai me te pāhare pāporo tai o waikawa sulfonic) e whakamahia ana ki te whiwhi phenols. I roto i hohenga matū, he konutai pāhare pāporo ranei phenolate. I muri i taua, e tukinotia enei pūhui ki waikawa kohuke ki te hoatu i te phenols noa.

E tika ana ki te aroaro o te rōpū OH phenol i roto i benzelnom karihi āhuatanga Chemical. Ka taea e ēnei matū tomo ki tauhohe e he āhuatanga o waiwaihā (hanganga o hākawa, phenolates, halogenated) me arenes (whakakapinga o ngota hauwai i runga i te kōnakonako benzenovom matua, rōpū nitro, sulfo rōpū). Na reira, huru ngā enei māngai ki te konganuku, ki te hanga i te phenolate konutai. Ko reira i roto i e whakakitea enei tūkunga hanganga ngā hiko o ngā rāpoi ngota o waiwaihā me phenols.

konutai phenoxide (phenoxide ranei) i hanga e te tauhohe i phenols ki kawakore. Ko te āhuatanga waikawa o phenols korerotia ngā iti. e kore e ēnei matū poke ki pepa tohu waikawa. konutai phenolate pērā alkoxides taea te tīariari i roto i rongoā kawakore waiwai, i kore e popo reira. E ohie decomposed e tauhohenga ki waikawa (tae noa ki te paruparu, hei tauira, waro) Phenates.

Otiia nga āhuatanga waikawa o he ake korerotia atu i roto i waiwaihā tīmeka phenols. Kupu Whakataki ki te rāpoi ngota o te substituents irahiko-kati phenol (nitro, kōnakonako, he rōpū sulfo, he rōpū hāparo-tahi me te rite) faarahi te kaupapa hauwai gidroksogrupp, na e whakarei āhuatanga waikawa.

Ko te aroaro o phenols pai pānga mesomeric ai ratou ki ngā āhuatanga nucleophilic, e te hunga iti korerotia i roto i te rite ki te waiwaihā. whakamahia ana tēnei taonga te ki te whakaputa i ngā hākawa, engari e kore e whai wāhi i roto i te tauhohe ratou phenols me phenolates me waiwaro halogenated.

Ester hanganga puta na roto i te tauhohe i phenols ki te pūhau anhydrides o waikawa ranei. Ka rite ki i roto i te hanganga o ngā hākawa, he māmā ake ki te puta ki te pāhare pāporo konutai ranei phenates te tauhohenga.

A, no te te mahi o kōnakonako i hanga phenols pärönaki kōnakonako. ka mea He ruarua wairewa i roto i te wai 2,46-tribromophenol me tīwharawhara waho, e taea ai te tauhohenga ki te whakatau i te phenols i roto i te otinga: te bromination o phenols whakamahia i roto i te tātari ho'oraa.

Ko te nitration o phenol. Ko te mahi ki te phenol te 20% te waikawa hauota , he ranunga o te o-me p-nitrophenols e e wehea e te Māturu ki te mamaoa (o-nitrophenol i maturuturu atu, a ka noho tonu te p-nitrophenol i roto i te otinga).