Lanthanides me actinides: tūranga i roto i te ripanga wā

Ia o nga mea timatanga matū whakaaturia i roto i te anga whenua: te kōhauhau me te lithosphere ōnuku - Ka taea e te mahi rite te tauira kanapa whakau akonaki ngota, me te rāpoi taketake ture wā. i whakatakoto ratou e nga whakamarama o Natural History - pūtaiao Russian M. V. Lomonosovym me D. I. Mendeleevym. Lanthanides a Actinides - rua hapu, e Kei roto 14 huānga matū, me te konganuku ratou - lanthanum me actinium. Ratou āhuatanga - e rua tinana, me te matū - ki te whakatutuki e tatou i roto i tenei mahi. I tua atu, whakatau tatou te tūranga i roto i te pūnaha wā o te hauwai, lanthanides, actinides tei runga i te hanganga o orbitals irahiko o ngā ngota.

History o whakahura

I roto i te mutunga o te rau tau 18 i whiwhi Yu gadolinium i pūhui tuatahi i te rōpū o te whakarewa whenua onge - waikura o yttrium. Tae noa ki te tīmatanga o te rau tau 20, ka mōhio o te oraraa o te rōpū o konganuku whakawhetai ki te rangahau e G. Moseley i matū. i tū ratou i roto i te ripanga pūmotu i waenganui i lanthanum me hafnium. Ko tētahi atu huānga matū - actinium, lanthanum rite, hanga he hapu o 14 iratuki huānga matū, enei actinides. Ratou kitea i roto i te pūtaiao tupu mai 1879 tae noa ki te rau tau pokapū o-20. Lanthanides me actinides i te rota o ngā ōritenga i roto i ngā āhuatanga ā-tinana, me te matū. Tenei e taea te faataa whakaritenga o irahiko i roto i te ngota o enei konganuku, e te hunga i roto i ngā taumata pūngao, ara lanthanide he wha te taumata o f-sublayer, a mo actinides - te rima te taumata o f-sublayer. Next, whakaaro tatou nga anga irahiko o ngā ngota o te konganuku i runga ake-whakahuatia i roto i te taipitopito atu.

Ko te hanganga o nga mea timatanga whakawhitinga roto i te marama o te ariā ngota-rāpoi

kitea anaana o te hanganga o ngā matū M. V. Lomonosova ko te pūtake mō te ako atu o nga anga irahiko o ngā ngota. tauira a Rutherford o hanganga matūriki pūmotu o te huānga matū, te rangahau Max Panēke, tukua F. Hund Utaina ki te kitea te whakamārama tika o te ture ngā o te rerekētanga wā o ngā āhuatanga ōkiko me te matū, e kua āhuatanga e nga lanthanides me actinides. E kore e taea e koe te tau'a ore i te wāhi nui o te ture wā D. I. Mendeleeva i te ako o te hanganga o ngā ngota o huānga whakawhitinga. E hi'opoa tatou i tenei take i roto i te taipitopito atu.

A tuu i huānga whakawhitinga roto i roto i te pūnaha wā D. I. Mendeleeva

I te toru o nga rōpū o te ono o - he wā roa - no te whakarewa te utuafare he lanthanum, cerium me whakarite ki te lutetium urutomo. I lanthanum ngota 4F-sublayer kau, me te tino ki tonu i roto i ngā irahiko lutetium 14. I tikanga huānga therebetween, i reira te mea he whakakī māmālie o te f-orbitals. I roto i te whānau o actinides - i thorium ki lawrencium - kitea te taua parau tumu te whakaeminga o matūriki tōraro whakatupato ki anake te rerekētanga e puta i roto i te whakakī irahiko 5f-sublayer. Ko te hanganga o te taumata pūngao waho, me te maha o matūriki kino ki runga (rite ki te rua) i roto i te katoa o nga konganuku runga ake taua. Tenei meka e whakahokia te pātai e pā ana ki te aha i nga lanthanides me actinides, ka karanga te mea timatanga whakawhiti roto, he maha ngā ōritenga.

E ngā ētahi puna o tuhinga matū o te mau utuafare e rua ki te rua o te Huingaiti te taha. Kei roto ratou e rua whakarewa i ia whānau. I roto i te puka poto o te pūnaha wā o ngā āhuatanga matū Kei te noho taratahi DI Mendeleev māngai o enei hapu i te tepu iho, ka whakaritea rarangi motuhake. Na reira, ko te tūranga o actinides me lanthanides i roto i te pūnaha wā hāngai ki te mahere whānui o te hanganga o ngā ngota me ngā irahiko i roto i te periodicity whakakī taumata roto, ka meinga te aroaro o te hāora taua aggregating konganuku whakawhitinga ā-i roto i te rōpū whānui. I roto i enei āhuatanga matū i ngā āhuatanga me ngā āhuatanga lanthanum ōrite actinium ranei. Ko te nga lanthanides me actinides nekehia aha i te tepu o te huānga matū.

Ka rite ki te whirihoranga hiko o te f-sublayer pānga nga āhuatanga o te konganuku

Rite ki ta matou i mua, i te tūranga o lanthanides me actinides i roto i te pūnaha wā tika whakatau ratou āhuatanga tinana, me te matū. Hei tauira, katote cerium, gadolinium, me ētahi atu āhuatanga o te whānau lanthanide whai taime autō tiketike e tika ana ki te hanganga o te f-sublayer āhuatanga. Ko taea ki te whakamahi i konganuku rite dopants mō te whakaputa Semiconductors ki ngā āhuatanga autō. Sulfides whānau huānga actinium (hei tauira, pūngāwhā protactinium, thorium) i roto i to ratou rāpoi ngota i te whakauru momo o te hononga matū: katote-kotuari kotuari-konganuku ranei. Kua arahina tēnei āhuatanga hanganga ki te putanga o ngā āhuatanga ōkiko me te matū hou, me te mahi hei whakahoki ki te pātai o te aha i nga lanthanides me actinides āhuatanga antibody. Hei tauira, he tauira o te hiriwa actinium anaana i roto i te tīrama kikorangi pouri. Ko tenei e tika ana ki te mahi o te katote whakarewa nāianei hiko, pūaho o te marama, i puta i raro i te mana o te excitation o nga ngota me ngā irahiko reira "peke" ki te taumata pūngao teitei me ka hoki mai ki to ratou āmionga pahoho. Ko reira hoki tenei take e nga lanthanides me actinides he phosphors.

Ko te mau hopearaa o te whakaiti i te radii katote o te ngota

I lanthanum me actinium, rite huānga i to ratou mau utuafare, te hekenga monotonic i roto i tohu rahi radii o katote whakarewa. I roto i te matū, i roto i ngā take pērā ki te korero o te lanthanide me actinide kōpeketanga. whakaturia te matū tauira e whai ake: ki te whakanui ake tiaki o te karihi o te ngota, ina no nga mea timatanga ki tetahi me te wā kotahi, me to ratou heke radii. Ka taea te faataa tenei e whai ake nei: no te konganuku pērā i cerium, praseodymium, neodymium, te maha o ngā taumata pūngao o ngota, me te rite tonu ki te ono. utu Heoi karihi aua incremented e tetahi me riro +58, +59, +60. Tenei te tikanga e faarahi te kaha o attraction o nga anga roto o irahiko ki te karihi pai i ako. Ka rite ki te putanga i reira ko te whakaiti o te radii o te ngota. Kei te iti hoki te pūhui whakarewa katote ki te whakanui ake i tau ngota o te radii katote. kite huringa rite i roto i te utuafare huānga actinium. Ko te aha ka karanga nga lanthanides me actinides e mahanga. Whakaiti katote radii arata'i matua ki te vaivai o te āhuatanga taketake o waihā o Ce (OH) _3, Pr (OH) _3, a ka whakaaturia e kua te turanga o te lutetium āhuatanga amphoteric.

hua ohorere arata'i whakakī irahiko unpaired 4F-sublevel i roto i orbitals ki te hawhe te ngota europium. ngota ia e kore te pūtoro iti, engari nui haere. I roto i te whai i te reira i roto i te raupapa o lanthanides gadolinium 5d-sublevel, i reira he kotahi irahiko 4F-sublevel rite ki Eu. he hanganga taua ai he hekenga ohorere i roto i te pūtoro o ngota gadolinium. kitea te āhuatanga rite i roto i te rua o te ytterbium - lutetium. Ko te huānga tuatahi o te pūtoro ngota o te nui e tika ana ki te whakaoti i te whakakī 4F-sublayer, i lutetium reira koimutu heke rite i runga i te irahiko ahua 5d-sublevel kitea. I roto i te actinium me ētahi atu āhuatanga iraruke i roto i tenei radii hapu o ngota me ngā katote e kore e huri monotonically, engari kia rite ki te pai kia rite ki taua o nga lanthanides, i roto i amuamu rohe. Ko te kupu, nga lanthanides me actinides he āhuatanga i roto i nei te āhuatanga o ratou pūhui correlatively tei runga i te pūtoro, katote, me te hanganga o nga anga irahiko o te ngota.

āhua honohono,

Lanthanides me Actinides he huānga e tino rite nei āhuatanga. I roto i ngā, āwangawanga reira ratou āhua hāora i roto i te katote honohono, me ngota. Hei tauira, thorium, protactinium, faaite i te valency o e toru, i roto i nga pūhui o Th (OH) _3, PaCl _3, ThF _3, Pa ₂ (CO _{3) 3.} katoa o enei matū e me rewakore i nga āhuatanga matū taua rite te konganuku i lanthanum whānau: .., cerium, praseodymium, neodymium, a pera atu i roto i Lanthanides o enei pūhui ka waiho hoki trivalent. Enei tauira whakamatau te tika o to tatou whakapae e nga lanthanides me actinides - mahanga. E ratou āhuatanga tinana, me te matū rite. Ka taea te faataa tenei matua te hanganga o orbitals irahiko i roto i ngā ngota o hapu e rua o ngā huānga whakawhitinga ā-.

āhuatanga whakarewa

nga māngai katoa o te rōpū e rua he konganuku e kua te oti 4f-, 5f-, me te d-taumata iti. Lanthanum me ngā āhuatanga o te whenua onge i huaina tona utuafare. E na rite e motuhake i raro i ngā āhuatanga taiwhanga, kei te wehea ratou ki te uaua nui ratou āhuatanga tinana, me te matū. Whakaatu maha te kāwanatanga piti hāora +3, huānga raupapa lanthanum i maha ritenga ki konganuku kawakore whenua (konu, konupūmā, strontium). E hoki Actinides konganuku kaha tino i roto i te tua iraruke hoki.

āhuatanga hanganga o nga lanthanides me actinides me ngā āhuatanga e pa pērā i, mo te tauira, minita wehea pyrophoric. He he ano hoki te whakaiti i roto i te rahi o ripekapeka tioata whakarewa mata-faatumuhia. Tāpiri e nga mea timatanga katoa matū o te mau utuafare e rua - he whakarewa ki te takatu ai hiriwa, e tika ana ki te tauhohenga tiketike o te rangi tere whakapouri. E hipokina ratou e rātou kiriata waikura tiaki i hāora atu. He feunga whakangutungutu anake te konu, me te konuwhiro āhuatanga katoa, ko te pāmahana rewa tino i raro 1000 ° C.

tauhohe matū āhuatanga

Mai tei tapaohia, he matū, nga lanthanides me actinides konganuku kaha. Ko te kupu, ngāwari e taea te hono lanthanum, cerium me ētahi atu i te mau melo o te utuafare ki matū ohie - kōnakonako, me te ūkuikui, waro. kia hoki taunekeneke Lanthanides ki e rua haukino me te hauhā. E ahei ki te hanehane wai hoki ratou. Haunga tai ohie, pērā i hei tauira SeCl ₃ ranei PrF _3, i whai ahua ai ratou tai rua. I roto i te matū tātari, noho he wahi nui te tauhohe ki te lanthanide maitai-glycine me waikawa citric. E tono ana te pūhui matatini taua tukanga hua mo te wehenga o te ranunga o lanthanides, pērā i tokahuke.

Na roto i te tauhohe ki te pākawa, pūhaumāota me waikawa pūkawa, konganuku hanga nga tai hāngai. He ngāwari wairewa i roto i te wai ratou me he ngāwari ahei o hanga hydrates tioata. Me kï reira e he tae nga wairewa waiwai o tai lanthanide, faataa nei i te aroaro i roto i to ratou katote mahi. tote rongoā samarium praseodymium neodymium matomato ranei - whero-papura, europium me promethium - māwhero. Mai he tae nga katote i roto i te piti hāora kāwanatanga +3, kua whakamahia te reira i roto i te matū tātari mo te rapunga o katote whakarewa, lanthanides (pera-ka karanga-kounga teitei tauhohenga). Hoki te whakaaro taua whakamahia hoki ngā tikanga o te tātaritanga matū pērā i te whātioatanga hautanga, me te utu katote tūrara.

I roto i rua o te rōpū actinides o ngā huānga ka taea te kitea. Ko Berkeley, pāmu, mendelevium, nobelium, lawrencium me te konukarihi, konu, te konuwhiro, omeretsy tenei. He rite ki te kotahi me te lanthanum konganuku tuatahi i tona hapu āhuatanga Chemical. Elements o te rōpū tuarua i ngā āhuatanga matū tino rite (nui ōrite ki tahi i te tahi). actinides katoa hohoro taunekeneke ki-konganuku kore: whanariki, hauota, waro. Ki te hāora legandami hanga ratou pūhui matatini. I taea te kite, hapu e rua o konganuku rite ki tetahi ki tetahi i roto i te whanonga matū. Ko te aha maha huaina nga lanthanides me actinides konganuku maehaa.

pūnaha Āhuatanga hauwai wā, te lanthanides, te actinides

He mea tika ki te tango ki pūkete te meka e hauwai ko makona taonga urupare. faaite te reira i ano, i runga i nga tikanga tauhohenga matū rānei: rite te kaihoko whakaiti kaihoko, me te oxidizing. Ko te aha i roto i te pūnaha wā, he wā kotahi hauwai i subgroups nui o rua ngā rōpū.

mahi te hauwai tuatahi rite te kaihoko whakaiti, me te konganuku alkali, kei konei. Hauwai i wahi o te rōpū 7 me huānga kōnakonako tohu tona vilitakí. I roto i te ono o te wā ko reira, rite whakahuatia i mua, ko te hapu o lanthanides, i hurihia i roto i te rarangi motuhake mō te haratau me te compactness o te tepu. Kei wā whitu he rōpū o ngā āhuatanga iratuki ki ngā āhuatanga rite ki actin. Kei Actinides waho te tepu o ngā huānga matū DI Mendeleev i raro i te utuafare lanthanum tata. Ko te tino iu enei āhuatanga o te iti ako, mai i te karihi o ratou ngota e tika ki te ira. A haamana'o na e te lanthanides me actinides he huānga whakawhiti ā-, a he tino rite o ratou āhuatanga physicochemical.

tikanga General mō te whakaputa ahumahi whakarewa

Te kore thorium, protactinium me te konukarihi, whakaputaina nei e hāngai i tokahuke, e taea te rite atu actinides i irradiating tauira o rerenga konukarihi whakarewa nohopuku neke ngā iramoe. I roto i te te konu tauine ahumahi me te konuwhiro tangohia te i te wahie pau i reactors karihi. Kia mōhio e whiwhi actinides - he tika tukanga matatini, me te utu nui, nga tikanga matua e he utu katote, me te tango multistage. Lanthanides, e te hunga kua huaina huānga whenua onge, i whiwhi i te iahiko o te pūhau fluorides ranei. Ki te whiwhi lanthanides ultrapure, whakamahia tikanga metallothermal.

Hea ki te tono huānga whakawhiti ā-

Ko te tino whānui te tūāwhiorangi o te whakamahi o konganuku e ako tatou. Hoki te whānau o te actinium - ko, ki runga ake te katoa, patu karihi me te pūngao. He nui i roto i te rongoā, rapunga koha, tātaritanga whakahohenga Actinides. E kore e taea ki te tau'a ore i te whakamahi o lanthanides me actinides, rite hopu iramoe i karihi reactors puna. whakamahia hoki Lanthanides rite tāpiritanga alloying ki rino me te maitai, me rite i roto i te hanga o phosphors.

Tohatoha i roto i te āhua

Kei te maha i huaina waikura o actinides me lanthanides zirconium, thorium, milioni yttrium. Ko ratou he puna nui mo te faaineineraa o te konganuku hāngai. Uranus, rite te māngai matua o te actinides kei roto i te kahu o waho o te lithosphere i te puka o ngā momo e whā o tokahuke kohuke ranei. Tuatahi o te katoa, ko reira pitchblende, i te mea konukarihi hāorarua. Ko reira te ihirangi tiketike o te whakarewa. E mea pinepine tahi e konutuki putunga konukarihi hāorarua (uaua). E kitea ratou i roto i Canada, France, Zaire. Complexes thorium me konukarihi tokahuke maha i roto i te tahi atu tokahuke o konganuku tino, pērā i te koura te hiriwa ranei.

Rārangi o taua rauemi raw taonga i roto i Russia, Awherika ki te Tonga, Canada me Ahitereiria. Kei roto i ētahi toka parataiao te carnotite kohuke. Ko tōna hanganga, i roto i te tua ki te konukarihi, vanadium me tomo tetahi. Ko te tuawha momo o te konukarihi raw - he ore Phosphate me zhelezouranovye i warua. Ko o ratou rāhui i roto i Morocco, Sweden me te United States. Ko te whakaaro i tēnei wā fafau rite putunga o waro me te lignite kei roto poke konukarihi. E hua ratou i roto i Spain, te Czech Republic, me te āhua US rua - Te Tai Tokerau, me te South Dakota.