Matū waro me te fizkolloidnaya: whakaahuatanga, ngā whāinga, me ngā āhuatanga

Fizkolloidnaya matū - te pūtaiao e tuatapapa i te ngā āhuatanga ōkiko me te matū o te tītohu mata, me te titaria pūnaha.

tautuhi

Fizkolloidnaya matū e pā ana ki ngā pūnaha marara. I raro i a ratou te riro te reira ki te tikanga o te kāwanatanga i roto i nei e marara kotahi, neke atu rānei matū (kongakonga) kāwanatanga pauna rauemi tuarua. Kei te tuku wāhanga ki rite te wā marara pakaru. huaina te reo purara te he taiao i roto i nei i roto i te puka kongakonga ko te wāhanga ka motu.

Adsorption me te mata tītohunga

Fizkolloidnaya matū whakaaro tītohunga mata e puta i te atanga o ngā pūnaha marara.

I roto ia ratou mōhio tatou:

• mākū,;
• mata mānukanuka;
• adsorption.

tātari Chemical Fizkolloidnaya tukanga hangarau nui mo parakaingaki me te rangi purenga, te haamaitairaa o te kohuke, fehokotakianga whakarewa, Whaitae papa rerekē, whakahinuhinu, horoi papa.

mānukanuka mata

matū waro a fizkolloidnaya whakamārama i te ari e puta ana i te atanga. tātari tatou he pūnaha e ngā o te hau, me te wai. Per rāpoi ngota, i te mea i roto i te pūnaha, mahi i runga i te wahi tata rāpoi ope attraction. Per rāpoi ngota, kei nei i runga i te mata ano, i te pānga o te kaha, engari kahore e ratou utua.

Ko te take, ko e i roto i te āhua haurehu waihā o te tawhiti i waenganui i ngā rāpoi ngota he ko tata iti nui kaha nui. Ko te pēhanga ā-o ngana ana ki te whakakikī i te hohonu o rāpoi wai, hua i roto i te kōpeketanga.

Hei waihanga i tētahi atanga mata hou, hei tauira, i roto i totoro te kiriata, he mea e tika ana ki te mahi i te mahi ki te pēhanga ā-. I waenganui i te pūngao whakapaua me te pēhanga ā o te hononga hāngai te vai. hāngai te pūngao i roto i te rāpoi ngota kei i te mata, whakaaro he pūngao mata free te.

Fundamentals o thermodynamics

Ko te matua matū mahi fizkolloidnoy ngā te tātaitanga o te whārite thermodynamic. Tei runga i te tauhohenga i roto i te pātai, ka taea e tatou te whakatau i te taea o tona takanga māhorahora.

Nā ki te tapepe thermodynamic o ngā tukanga pūnaha rere nei e pā ana ki whakarahi o te matūriki, haere tahi e te whakaiti i roto i te atanga.

Ngā take mō te huringa i roto i te āhua thermodynamic

He aha ngā āhuatanga pānga te mānukanuka mata?

Tuatahi o te katoa he mea nui ki te whakanui i te āhua o te taonga. Ko e pā ana tika ki nga āhuatanga o te wāhanga CONDENSED te mānukanuka mata. Na roto i te whakanui ake i te wehenga tawhiti i roto i te taonga puta ope mānukanuka hua.

Ko te āhua o te atanga pānga te wāhanga me te pāmahana. I roto i te take o te hua o te hekenga i roto i te taonga o te ope mahi i waenganui i te matūriki takitahi.

Ko te kukū o te matū rewa i roto i te inu whakamātautau, ano pā te āhua o te pūnaha thermodynamic.

E rua nga tu o matū. Tid (rauemi mata-tautauā) ake i te nui o te mānukanuka o te otinga whakaritea ki te whakarewa pai. Taua rauemi he electrolytes kaha. Surfactants (mata āpiha kaha) whakaiti i te nui o mānukanuka i te atanga i roto i te otinga hua. Na roto i te whakanui ake i enei matū i roto i te otinga e kitea, ratou kukū i roto i te kahu mata o te otinga. Pākoki ngā pūhui matū waro e waikawa, waiwaihā. E tito ratou o ngā rōpū neke (amino, carboxyl, hydroxo) me te mekameka pūwaro nonpolar.

Āhuatanga sorption

Fizkolloidnaya matū (ACT) ngā te wāhanga e pā ana ki te tukanga sorption. Adsorption - he tukanga o huringa noa i roto i te kahu mata o te taonga kukū ki te faatura ki to ratou nui i roto i te rōrahi wāhanga.

Ko te adsorbent Ko te taonga kawea nei i runga i te mata o te rerenga. Adsorbate - he taonga e taea o te waipara. Adsorbate - Nā rauemi. Desorption - he tukanga whakamuri o adsorption.

momo o te sorption

Kaiako fizkolloidnoy Matū kōrero e pā ana ki e rua ngā momo o te adsorption. I roto i te take o te waipara kohu tinana ko te tohatoha o te nui iti o te pūngao i te mea rite ki wera o te tōhau. Ko te reversible tenei tukanga. Tenei adsorption heke faarahi te hua pāmahana te tere o te tukanga whakamuri (desorption).

Ko te adsorption matū he whakatinanatanga tina heke, i te mata mahue kahore adsorbate me te pūhui mata. I roto i te mea nui wera chemisorption, he reira hāngai ki te rahi o te hāwera paerewa o te hanganga. Ki te whakanui ake i te pāmahana e whakaneke ake ana chemisorption taupū taunekeneke i waenganui i ngā matū.

Ka rite ki te tauira whakahua tatou te adsorption o te hāora chemisorption o te mata whakarewa i te rangi, tirohia reira fizkolloidnaya matū. Kei te maha nga mahi me rongoā e pā ana ki te uara mānukanuka faaotiraa e puta ana i te atanga i waenganui i rua pāpāho.

Ki te ine nui whakaahua te adsorption korerotia, te whakamahi i adsorption pūmau. tohu te reira i te nui o te adsorbate (i roto i te mol) ia rohe wae tangohia adsorbent. I roto i te fizkolloidnoy mahere Matū ngā faaotiraa ine o tenei uara.

Āhuatanga o adsorbents

utu-tinana me te colloid Matū tokanga makehe ki te tātaritanga o ngā momo o adsorbents me ratou tono i ngā. Tei runga i te rahi o te mata adsorbent, pea moni rerekē o matū adsorbed. Ko te adsorbents tino hua kitea matū he mata whakawhanakehia: colloids, puehu, tauhohenga maiengi.

Ka rite ki te huna hoki nga āhuatanga ine taketake o adsorbents tauwhāiti rohe mata me te porosity. Ko te uara tuatahi tohu te ōwehenga o te taimaha o te mata adsorbent. Ko te āhuatanga tuarua riro āhuatanga o tona hanganga.

I roto i te matū colloid wehewehe rua momo o adsorbents. taonga Non-maiengi hanga e te matūriki totoka hanga he hanganga "HWM paura" maiengi ki tarapēke mātotoru. Ka rite ki wā roa i waenganui ia ratou mahi i waenganui i nga purapura o te taonga. pea te hanganga hanganga ha'iha'i macroporous ranei. adsorbents maiengi He hanganga e kua tito o purapura he porosity ā-.

I roto i te matū tinana hāngai ana ki te kiripuaki o ngā pūnaha makaka. Ko ratou tito paura e kua hanga e i purapura puehu ranei i te rû o ratou tarapēke mātotoru i roto i te ngongo. Ko te pūnaha hua i etahi āhuatanga thermodynamic, te ako o nei ko te ahanoa matua o fizkolloidnoy matū.

wae tukanga He (tango ki pūkete te āhua o te adsorptive) i runga i katote, rāpoi, adsorption colloidal. tukanga rāpoi e pā ana ki ngā rongoā o electrolytes ngoikore dielectrics ranei. Puta i te reira adsorption o solutes i runga i te mata o te adsorbent totoka.

Wāhanga o te pae kaha i runga i te mata adsorbent nohoia e te rāpoi whakarewa. Ki te wahi o te tukanga waipara, me te adsorptive mahi rāpoi whakarewa whakataetae.

mutunga

Tinana, me te colloid Chemistry he wāhi nui o te matū. whakamārama ratou nga tukanga taketake tupu i roto i rongoā tukua tātaitanga rahinga o te wera tukuna (whenumi) i roto i te hanganga o ngā matū hou. Ko te ture taketake whakamahia ki te kawe i roto i tātaitanga ine, ko te ture o Hess. hono reira e rave rahi āhuatanga thermodynamic matū tūturu: hāwera, te piraunga, pūngao. Ko te tukanga thermodynamic o te hanganga o pūhui matatini i ohie (tuatahi) wāhanga taea te whakaaro ture Hess. Ko te tātai hanga reira taea ki te whakatau i te tōtika o te tukanga.