Me pēhea te ki te whakatau i te tohu o te piti hāora

Katoa matū matū ngā o ngā rāpoi ngota, e ko te matūriki iti rawa. E electrically kūpapa ratou me e tito o ngota, e kua hono e here kotuari. Ko te kaha o ngā ngota o ngā āhuatanga matū i roto i te rāpoi ngota ki te hanga i te maha etahi o hononga i huaina honohono. I roto i te hononga ki te putanga me te whanaketanga o te ariā o here matū kua oti tenei ariā nui huringa me te inaianei kua kore tikanga pūtaiao mārama, te nuinga whakamahia i roto i ngā take whakaako me te maha tāutuhia ki te tohu o te piti hāora. Ki te te rāpoi ngota - ko te rauemi matūriki iti, te ngota ko te huānga matū matūriki wehewehe iti. Ko Atom hoki korakora electrically kūpapa i roto i tona pokapū he matua arā, o te iraoho pai whakatupato, a tawhio noa te reira i reira ko te kapua o irahiko (tōraro i ako). Na reira puta reira whakataurite i te tiaki pai o te karihi tiaki tōraro o irahiko. Ki te mārama me pēhea te ki te whakatau i te tohu o te piti hāora, a he aha te mea e tika ana ki te whakaaro i te hanganga o ngā rāpoi ngota o matū motuhake.

I roto i te rāpoi ngota o te hauwai pūhaumāota (HCl) i waenganui i hauwai me te māota, i reira he kotahi rua noa o irahiko. He ngota hauwai e kotahi iraoho me kotahi irahiko. E 17 iraoho me ngā irahiko 17, apiti tetahi o nga irahiko e whitu i roto i te kiato anga irahiko waho ki te irahiko o te ngota hauwai ki te hanga i ai he rua irahiko māota ngota: H: Cl. Ko te H2S i hanga rāpoi ngota whanariki ngota 2 ngā rua o irahiko ki ngota hauwai e rua: H: S: H. Me pēhea te ki te whakatau i te tohu o te piti hāora o te huānga, mo te tauira, māota me te HCl i roto i te hauwai rāpoi ngota, me te hauwai whanariki i roto i te H2S rāpoi ngota? homai Valency he whakaaro o te moni i hanga i roto i te here muingota irahiko takirua ranei, engari e kore e whakaatu i roto i to ratou displacement.

Kei te riro te reira e e ngā nga irahiko o te ngota i roto i te rāpoi ngota i roto i te takirua irahiko e e neke ki te ngota tino elekrootritsatelnomu. Hauwai me te haumāota i roto i te HCl taea te tīmata i te kōrero, neke nei ki te māota mai ko reira te electronegative tino. Ko te kupu, ko te tohu o te hāora rite ki te hauwai me te 1, i te māota - haunga 1. ia ngota hauwai i roto i te rāpoi ngota H2S mai ki te kōrero ki tetahi ngota whanariki, i roto i te tahuri e rua here. Rua irahiko takirua i roto i tenei take neke ki te ngota whanariki. Na reira, ko te tohu o te piti hāora o te hauwai me ōrite 1, me te ngota whanariki - haunga te 2. Me pēhea te ki te whakatau i te tohu o te kaihoko piti hāora, hei tauira, HCl, H2S, O2, te N2, Na, Ag, Si? Ko nga wa katoa te piti hāora o te taonga ohie matatini ranei 0, rite te taonga tito o ngā rāpoi ngota ngota ranei a ko ratou electrically kūpapa. Puta i tenei, i kitea i te tohu o te piti hāora o te huānga i roto i te rāpoi ngota.

I roto i te tauira o te waikawa hypochlorous taea whakaaro pehea ki te whakatau i te faito o te piti hāora mo te ngota Cl. I roto i te HClO rāpoi ngota, pera i roto i te rāpoi ngota o tetahi atu taonga, he hauwai tonu (anake hydrides) āhuatanga e piti hāora me 1, a ko nga wa katoa hāora - hāora haunga 2 (anake konu waikuratei me te hāora pūkōwhai). No te mea te rāpoi ngota e kore tiaki ano, Ka taea e tatou te tuhituhi whārite (1) + + x (- 2) = 0. Me faatiti'aifarohia tenei whārite: x = 0 - (1) - (-2) = (+1) kupu, huri i te reira i roto i taua i te tohu o te piti hāora o Cl ia rāpoi ngota o te me te waikawa hypochlorous ōrite 1. tenei tauira whakaatu e founga ki te whakatau i te tohu o te piti hāora o tetahi huānga ngā i roto i te rāpoi ngota. Tuatahi o te katoa, kua whakaritea nga uara mohiotia te valency huānga ranei e kore e huri i te tohu o te piti hāora.

Ko te kupu, ka karanga hāora ko te uara herenga (tiaki ōkawa o te ngota i roto i te rāpoi ngota) whakamahia mō te tuhi whārite tauhohe e pā ana ki te piti hāora whakaiti o ngā matū ranei. ōrite ana tēnei uara i te maha o takirua o ngā irahiko, e tino neke ki te rāpoi electronegative o huānga matū. tuhia te hāora te i runga i te ngota tohu. Tēnei tāurunga tohu pehea ki te whakatau i te tohu o te piti hāora o te huānga ngā i roto i te rāpoi ngota o tetahi taonga. Hei tauira, he lekooti (Na + 1Cl-1), ko te ki te kia matau e te tote rāpoi ngota konutai tohu pitihāoratanga me 1, haunga 1, me te haumāota kupu: (+1) + (-1) = 0. I te muingota o te pāhare pāporo (K + 1Mn + 7O-24) me 1 pāhare pāporo ki konupora me 7, te hāora haunga 2, e ko: (+1) + (+7) + 2 • (-2) = 0. te muingota o te waikawa hauota (H + 1n + 5o-23) me 1 mō te hauwai, mo te hauota me 5 mo te hāora tango 2, me te rāpoi ngota katoa ko electrically kūpapa: (+1) + (+5) + 3 • (-2) = 0. i te rāpoi ngota o te Sinks waikawa (H + 1n + 3Tukua-22) me 1 mō te hauwai, mo te hauota me 3 hāora tango 2, mai te mea e rite ana ki te kore te tiaki o te rāpoi ngota, ka: (1) + (3) + 2 • (-2) = 0. Hei tauira, ka taea hauota kia kitea e kia whai i tēnei ngota he matū rerekē i roto i te rerekē āhua piti hāora o te tāpiri tango ranei 3 ki te 5 (ki te wā o tetahi wae).