Mōhiotanga titorehanga, me te kouma, me te māramatanga i roto i te epistemology

I ngā wā, i matau te matauranga kei te rite te tukanga o ngā o te tumu parau ki te ahanoa, e āwhina ki te whakatau i te ihirangi o te mooni - e ko, te meka e reira i taea kua a ka waiho. Ka taea te whakaaro te tohu o te ahurea o tenei tukanga te tohunga maori Tiresias ahua o te "Odyssey". I roto i te ako o tenei momo o te mahi a te tangata i reira he tetahi o te antinomy matua: te ine i waenga i te hinengaro tairongo, me te kouma. Wahi ko tenei raruraru whakahuatia e Nietzsche: whakahē ia taua ari rite te fakamamahi me te a Socrates, Apollonian me Dionysian. Reira puta ano te aroraa a Lva Shestova rite te rerekē i waenganui i "Atene" me "Hiruharama." î te aamu katoa o te kaupapa e te pato'iraa i waenganui e awhio ana me te pūmanawa, me te ngana ki te ngā ratou ki te tahi mea katoa.

rapunga whakaaro Reo i roto i te nuinga o te wā multilayer, a na reira i roto i te "tikanga" fakakaukau me "kouma" te matauranga e taea te wehewehe te maha ngā tikanga. I raro i te ōwehenga e pā ana ki te whakaaro arorau, e pā ana ki etahi puka, formulations këtia (ariā, whakaritenga, ngā whakamāramatanga, axioms). Tenei ahua o te whakaaro ko maha te tātari, whakamahi reira inductive me tikanga deductive. Ka rite ki te tikanga, te tirohanga kouma o te matauranga ka te ao e tukua ki te tikanga tūturu, me te pāpori, whiriwhiri ia he ara o mahara ki te ariā, me te awhio ana, tona paetae matua ko te huinga o ngā tūāhua me ngā puka, e ko te mau parau tumu o te rangahau pūtaiao. Heoi, kaupapa hou, pērā i Feyerabend ta e reira e rave rahi ngā momo o rationality.

tirohanga tairongo me ngā āhua, pērā i mana'o, me te tirohanga o te mahi, pai io ngā ki te āhuatanga o te maldistribution. Ko tētahi o ona wāhanga he noatia, i roto i te tahuri te wehea ki te tauhohenga a Hona ki te ao (hoki e taea te hanga te reira i te tumu parau o te rangahau) me etahi pouri, horihori, whakaaro ponana faahapahapa. Next he mauri (huna ana) e tohu ana i te ao ngā, te ari rerekē i pangia mārama. Tona tuatahi kite hoki te oraraa o Leibniz, e huaina a reira "tirohanga pouri." Na ka ki tenei āhuatanga ka tahuri matou nga Romantics German, piri ko reira he puna tūturu o te auahatanga. E ai ki a Freud, ko reira kaha, pakeke kaha mahara e taea e koe te tamata ki te whakahaere ki te awhina o psychoanalysis.

Titorehanga, me te kouma matauranga, tātari me te māramatanga e pā ana ki te tūhuratanga o taua ariā ngā rite pūmanawa. He maha ngā momo o pūmanawa, e taea whakatata te whakaaro arorau, e kore haere ki te whakapā ki a ia ranei. He he he heuristics kouma - ko reira he ahua o te matauranga, ka whakakitea te pono kei te ki te kaupapa e kore e āta engari katoa o te ohorere, hangatonu. He ara o te mohio ki, tupu rite i koimutu huaina a reira pūmanawa hinengaro, me te matauranga pūtaiao (matauranga) - ko te āhuatanga o te huarahi kouma ki te ako o te raruraru. I roto i te meka, he reira ahua tetahi o te matauranga kouma. Na roto i te pūmanawa, matau me te tauira toi o mahara ki te ao, atu i te pūtaiao, me te ara o te tangata, a tae noa te tetahi ahua o uara (i te wāhi o te tirohanga o Husserl ko Scheler, kihai ratou tāutuhia i roto i te hinengaro, me i te mahi o te aroha ranei mauahara, hei tauira, idiosyncrasy).

Tei runga i te wa, te wahi o te mahi, te philosopho ngā, he hakari ngā ariā whakatika pehea correlate hinengaro tairongo, me te kouma. Heoi, i roto i te whānui, e taea te wehea ratou ki e toru ngā rōpū - 1) ariā, i te whakaaro e tino pēpēhia enei momo e rua o te mahi hinengaro tahi e te tahi; 2) ariā, e kore anake ātete, engari delimiting ano ratou hōkai, a 3) whakaako, e ngana ana ki te kitea he puna kotahi mō ngā puka e rua o te matauranga, me te kōwhiringa mō rātou taunekeneke me te kōmitimiti. Ko āhuatanga o te kaupapa o te ahurea, te wahi e kite tatou me pehea ki te pato'iraa e rua i roto i te ahua o te ora me te wairua, wheako me te whakaata, ko te logo Eidos, fakakaukauloto me te ariā o te ngakau, me te matenga, me ngana whakaiti ratou ki te tauraro noa hoki tenei wehenga.