Nanotubes waro: production, te whakamahi, ngā āhuatanga

Energy Ko te ahumahi nui, e whai wāhi nui i roto i te oraraa o te taata. Ko te āhua pūngao o te whenua, tei runga i te mahi o maha aivanaa i roto i te ahumahi. I teie mahana, e rapu ratou mo puna pūngao rerekē. Hoki enei take, he pai ki te whakamahi i tetahi mea, i te rā, me te wai, oti ki te kaha rangi ratou. Ko te taputapu e he taea ki te whakaputa pūngao i te taiao, kei te maiohatia nui atu.

Overview

nanotubes carbon - he roa rererangi graphite hurihia ki te hanga porotakaroa. Ko te tikanga, tae ratou matotoru e rave rahi tekau o nanometers ki te maha henimita te roa. I te mutunga o te nanotube hanga he upoko porohita i te kotahi wahi o fullerene.

Kei reira ētahi momo o nanotubes waro: konganuku me te semiconducting. Ko te rerekētanga matua ko te kawe ia o nāianei. Ka taea e te momo tuatahi whakahaere o nāianei i te pāmahana o te 0 ° C, me te tuarua - anake i pāmahana teitei.

nanotubes carbon: āhuatanga

Te nuinga o ngā hou pērā i Applied Matū nanotechnology ranei, e hono ana ki te nanotubes e whai he hanganga kōhiwi waro. He aha te mea te reira? I raro i tenei hanganga e pā ana ki rāpoi nui, e te hunga hono ngota waro anake. nanotubes waro, e hāngai ana ki te āhuatanga o te puka anga kati, e tino wāriutia ana. I tua atu, hanganga o nga raraunga e o hanga porotakaroa. kia kia rite taua korere e okeoke whārangi graphite, ranei ki te tupu i te whakakōkī motuhake. nanotubes waro, e kua whakaaturia pikitia i raro, i te hanganga rerekē. haere mai ratou i roto i ngā āhua rerekē me te rahi: kotahi-apa, me te maha-apa, tika, me te sinuous. Ahakoa te meka e he tino pakarukaru nga nanotubes, ko ratou te rauemi kaha. Ka rite ki te hua, kua kitea maha rangahau e he ratou āhuatanga tūturu pērā i kurut me te kaha flexural. I raro i te mahi o nui ahotea aunoa, e kore e nga huānga rere a kahore e whatiia, e ko, e taea te whakarite ki ngaohiko rerekē.

tāoke

Ka rite ki te hua o ngā tūhuratanga maha, i kitea ai e taea nanotubes waro meinga te taua raruraru rite muka papa kiripaka, i.e. he momo o te pukupuku mārere me te pukupuku pūkahukahu. Ko te tohu o te mana kino o te papa kiripaka, tei runga i te momo, me te matotoru o ona muka. No te mea whai nanotubes waro he taimaha iti me te rahi, ratou tomo ngāwari te tinana tahi me te rangi. I tua atu, taka ratou ki roto ki te kiripūkahu me ngā i roto i te pouaka, ka meinga pae hopea te momo o pōauautanga. Scientists he whakamātau whakahaere a honoa ki te kai o matūriki kiore nanotubes. Products o diameter iti kihai tata i noho i roto i te tinana, engari nui - keri ki te taiepa o te puku, me te meinga tini o nga mate.

tikanga o te faaineineraa

Ki te rā, i reira ko nga tikanga e whai ake nei mō te whakaputa nanotubes waro tiaki pewa, ablation, waipara kohu.

rere Electric. Te faaineineraa o (e whakaahuatia nanotubes waro i roto i tenei tuhinga) i roto i te wē o te tiaki hiko, e kai ana ki te haumāmā. kia whakamana te tukanga taua whakamahi taputapu motuhake hangarau mō te hanga o fullerenes. Ko ētahi atu aratau pewa e whakamahia i roto i tenei tikanga. Hei tauira, te kiato o nāianei heke, ka whakamahia nga cathodes thicknesses nui. Hei waihanga i tētahi huru o te haumāmā he tika ki te whakaara i te pēhanga o tenei huānga. nanotubes waro whiwhi e riringi. Kua nui haere e to ratou maha, me tomo koutou ki te whakakōkī graphite tokotoko. I roto i te nuinga o te wā, he ranunga o ngā rōpū rerekē o te whakarewa. I tua atu, i reira he he tauiraa i roto i te pēhanga, me te tikanga ka runanga mona. Ko te kupu, he pellet pitoiho, a kua hanga e ai te nanotubes waro. Kei te maranga perpendicularly hua oti i te pitoiho, a kohia ki paihere. E ratou he roa o 40 microns.

Ablyasatsiya. he tikanga taua i whakaaro e Richard Smalley. takoto Ko tōna ngako i roto i te meka e rerekē mata vaporize graphite i roto i te piere, whakahaere i pāmahana teitei. nanotubes waro e hanga e e te whakaetonga o graphite i roto i te wahi o raro o te piere. Te meangiti me kohikohi ratou e wahi e te tikanga o te mata meangiti. I roto i te take tuatahi, he rite ki te 60% te tokomaha o ngā huānga, ka i roto i tenei ahua tikanga nui haere e 10%. Ko atu te utu atu i nga ētahi atu katoa te utu o te taiaho tikanga absolyatsii. Ko te tikanga, rite nanotubes kotahi-taiepa e te huri i te pāmahana tauhohenga.

Ko te waipara i te wā hau. whakaaro waro tikanga kohu waipara i roto i te mutunga o nga 50s. Otiia i taea e kore tetahi kua wawetia hoki e na te tikanga o taua mea he taea ki te whiwhi nanotubes waro. Na, te tuatahi e hiahia ana koe ki te faaineine i te mata o te whakakōkī. Ka rite ki kia waiho te reira matūriki pai o ngā konganuku, hei tauira, hinu, konukōreko me etahi atu. Kei te tīmata Nanotubes ki puta i te apa whakakōkī. Tei ratou matotoru i runga i te rahi o catalyzing whakarewa. te tahu i te mata e ki te pāmahana tiketike, a ka reira he supply o hau kei roto waro. I roto ia ratou, - .., mewaro, atsetelen, te waihā, etc. Ka rite ki te atu hau tukanga ko te haukini. Tenei tikanga production ko te nanotubes tino noa. Ko te tukanga iho e wahi i ngā hinonga ahumahi, kia poto iti te moni e hoki te hanga o te tau nui o ngongo. Ko tētahi atu painga o tenei tikanga, ko te kia whiwhi nga mema o poutū i tetahi matūriki whakarewa e mahi rite te whakakōkī. Te faaineineraa o (e whakaahuatia nanotubes waro i runga i taha katoa) i hanga whakawhetai taea ki te rangahau Suomi Iijima, e kite i raro i te karu mo ratou ahua rite ki te hua o te kōtuitui o te waro.

Ko te momo matua o

Whakaröpütia huānga waro rite ki te maha o ngā papa. Ko te momo māmā - nanotubes waro kotahi-taiepa. Ia o ratou kua he matotoru o e pā ana ki te 1 nm, a kia nui rahi ratou roa. Ki te whakaaro tatou ki te hanganga, rite tākai graphite te whakamahi i te tukutuku hexagonal titiro te hua. I roto i ona akitū kei ngā waro. Ko te kupu, ko te ngongo kua he āhua porotakaroa, e kua kahore kaimono. Ko te wahi o runga kati tapo'io whakaaro arā, o ngā rāpoi ngota fullerene.

Tiro Next - nanotubes waro multiwall. ngā ratou o maha o ngā paparanga o te graphite e kua tāpae i te āhua o te rango. te tiaki i te therebetween tawhiti kei te i 0.34 nm. Kua whakaahuatia te hanganga o tenei momo te whakamahi i rua ngā tikanga. I te tuatahi, maha-ngongo - he putorino kotahi-taiepa torutoru whakautu e titiro rite te tamapua Russian. I roto i te rua o, nanotubes maha-taiepa he whārangi graphite i takaia te rave rahi mau taime a tawhio noa iho, e te mea rite ki te nūpepa takai.

nanotubes carbon: tono

He mema hou waitohu o te piha haapiiraa o nanomaterials Tūemi. Ka rite ki whakahuatia i mua, to ratou he hanganga tinana e rerekē i te āhuatanga o te graphite taimana ranei. Kei te reira whakamahia te reira atu pinepine atu i te tahi atu mau materia.

Nā ki taua āhuatanga rite kaha kurut, flexural kaha, kawe, e whakamahia i roto i ngā wāhi maha:

• rite tāpiritanga ki waerau;
• whakakōkī mō ngā pūrere rama, me te whakaaturanga rōpū flat me handsets i roto i whatunga aratuku;
• hei absorber o ngaru hiko;
• tahuringa mana;
• anodes i roto i ngā momo pākahiko;
• Storage o hauwai;
• whakaputa pūoko me pūnga iahiko;
• composites hanga me te amplification o ratou hanganga me ngā āhuatanga.

No te tau maha, nanotubes waro, e kore e te whakamahi o nei iti ki te ahumahi ngā, whakamahia i roto i te rangahau pūtaiao. he tūranga ngoikore i roto i te mākete taua rauemi he, rite reira he raruraru ki production nui-tauine. Ko tētahi atu wāhi nui ko te utu nui o nanotubes waro, i te mea e pā ana ki 120 tara ia tetahi karamu o te taonga.

E whakamahia ratou rite te huānga taketake mo te hanga o composites maha, e kua whakamahia mō te hanga maha taonga hākinakina. Ko tētahi atu -avtomobilestroenie ahumahi. heke Functionalization o nanotubes waro i roto i te toi e ki he tapakuha, waerau āhuatanga conductive.

Tau whakarea o te kawe ia waiariki o nanotubes he nui nui, kia taea te whakamahi ratou rite te pūrere meangiti mo ngā taputapu nui. kua hanga ano e ratou potae e kua piri ki nga paipa uiuia.

Ko te tono tino nui peka ngā hangarau rorohiko. He rawa nanotubes Nā ngā whakaaturanga flat-rōpū. Ki te awhina o ratou, ka taea e koe te whakaiti i te rahi o te rorohiko, me te ki ake i tona mahi hangarau. ka hei taputapu rite e rave rahi taime nui atu te hangarau o nāianei. I runga i te pūtake o enei akoranga, ka taea e koe te hanga i nui-kinescopes.

Neke atu i te wa, ka e whakamahia nga ngongo e kore anake i roto i te hikohiko, engari ano hoki nga rängai hauora me te pūngao.

production

korere waro, tohaina te hanga o nei i waenganui i nga momo e rua o ratou, mea whakanoho iho tohaina. Ie, MWNT hua nui ake atu i SWNT. Ko te ahua tuarua o te meatia i roto i te ohorere. Various umanga tonu hua nanotubes waro. Ko te tono ratou i whakaritea e kore e whakamahi, no te mea ratou utu tiketike rawa.

production kau taki

I reira, te tūranga ārahi i roto i te hanga o nanotubes waro nohoia whenua Āhia, kaha production i te mea teitei ake i te 3 ngā wā ki runga ake i roto i ētahi atu whenua o Europe me Amerika. I roto i ngā, whai wāhi te hanga o MWNT te i Japan. Otiia kihai i ētahi atu whenua, pērā i Korea ko Haina, tuku i roto i tenei tohu.

Production i roto i Russia

production kāinga o nanotubes waro ko tawhiti muri ētahi atu whenua. I roto i te meka, tei mea katoa i runga i te kounga o te rangahau i roto i tenei rohe. e kore te reira tohaina moni mo te whanaketanga o pokapū pūtaiao me te hangarau i roto i te whenua. e kore e tokomaha te iwi kite i te whanaketanga o te nanotechnology, no te mea kahore ahau e mohio me pehea e taea te whakamahi i te reira i roto i te ahumahi. Na reira, ko te tino uaua te whakawhiti ki te rere ōhanga makatea hou.

Na reira, tukuna te peresideni Russian he tikanga, e whakatakoto ana i te whanaketanga o ngā wāhi o te nanotechnology, tae atu ki ngā huānga waro. Hoki tenei whakaaro, i hanga te hōtaka whanaketanga motuhake ki te hamaniraa ratou ake hangarau. I hanga Company "Nanotechnologies" kia taua i hanga ngā katoa o tikanga ,. tohaina Ko tōna mahi i te nui nui i te pūtea kāwanatanga. Ko ia te tangata e kia whakahaere hoahoa, te hanga me te whakatinanatanga i roto i tono ahumahi o nanotubes waro. Ko te nui whakaritea ki te noho i runga i te whanaketanga o ngā whare rangahau me taiwhanga, me te āwhina i te haapuai i te whakatutukitanga ngā o pūtaiao kāinga. Ano, ka kia whakamahia aua moni mo te hoko o te taputapu kounga tiketike mō te hanga o nanotubes waro. kia tango reira hoki te tiaki o te hunga whakaaro e ka tiaki hauora tangata, mai ai te rauemi he momo o mate.

Ka rite ki whakahuatia i mua, te raruraru katoa e takoto i roto i te kohi pūtea. e kore e te nuinga o pūtea e hiahia ana ki te haumi i roto i te rangahau me te whanaketanga, rawa hoki te wa roa. hiahia pakihi katoa ki te kite i te pai, engari Nano-e taea hoki tau haere. Ko te aha pana nga māngai o pakihi iti, me te reo-rahi. I tua atu, kahore haumi tūmatanui kore tino e tīmata hanga o nanomaterials. Ko tētahi atu raruraru ko te kore o te pūtake ture, mai i reira he kahore takawaenga i waenganui i nga wāhanga ngā o te mahi. Na reira, ko te hanga waro nanotube i Russia, e kore e nei i kī, e kore e rapu anake pūtea, engari ano o te haumi hinengaro. Ahakoa ko tawhiti te Russian Federation i whenua Āhia e e ārahi i roto i te whanaketanga o te nanotechnology.

Ki te rā, whai wāhi whanaketanga i roto i te ahumahi i roto i nga tari matū o ngā whare wānanga o Moscow, Tambov, St Petersburg, Novosibirsk ko Kazan. He u nga kaihanga ārahi o nanotubes waro "Garnet" ko Tambov tipu "Komsomolets".

āhuatanga takatika me te kino

I roto i te painga e taea e matou te wehewehe i te āhuatanga motuhake o nanotubes waro. Ko ratou he rauemi roa, e te mea i raro i kore te te mana o te ahotea aunoa ngaro. I tua atu, he pai te mahi ratou i roto i piko, me te totoro. hanga tenei i taea e tika ana ki te hanganga kati o te anga. e kore te ratou whakamahi iti ki tetahi rängai. Kua nga korere whakamahia i roto i te automotive, hikohiko, rongoā me te pūngao.

drawback nui ko te pā tōraro i runga i te hauora tangata. Matūriki nanotubes tomo te tinana tangata, hoatu ara ki te pukupuku mārere me te mate pukupuku.

He āhuatanga faufaa ko te pūtea o tenei rängai. e kore e tokomaha te iwi e hiahia ana ki te haumi i roto i te pūtaiao, kia rite ki te hiahia koe he rota o te wā mō te pai. A kahore he mahi e kore e taea taiwhanga rangahau e te whanaketanga o te nanotechnology.

mutunga

nanotubes waro tākaro he wāhi nui i roto i hangarau auaha. He maha ngā tohunga matapae te tupu o tenei ahumahi i roto i nga tau e haere mai ana. He ka waiho he hua nui i roto i te hanga kaha, e ka whakaiti i te utu o nga taonga. Ki te hekenga i roto i utu, ka waiho i te ngongo i roto i te tono nui, a ka riro te rauemi koha mō te maha nga whakaaro, me te taputapu.

Na, ka kitea e matou i roto i te mea tikanga enei hua.