Naturalists nui nei i hanga te ao te whakatuwheratanga

Naturalists nui nga pūtaiao rongonui nei ako te āhua o tika taunekeneke ki reira. Ka taea te deciphered tēnei kupu, ki te wehe koe i te reira kia rua nga wahi: ko te "āhua" - ko reira te āhua me te "whakamātautau" - tirohia.

Naturalists nui: rārangi

I roto i te pūtaiao māori ki te wa i te mea ka tika te whakaahua i te āhua me te ako i te katoa, arā. E. Hei whakamahi i te matauranga i mara rerekē o te pūtaiao pērā i huaota, arorangi, te mätai kararehe, mineralogy, nga Naturalists tuatahi i huri noa i te ao. kia whakarārangi te reira i te pūtaiao, me te korero ki e pā ana ki etahi o nga kōrero e taea e whakahura i ngā āhuatanga ngā ina reira i na ruarua nei ngā wā, me te matauranga:

• Stiv Irvin (Ahitereiria).
• Terri Irwin (Ahitereiria).
• Alice Menfild (Ahitereiria).
• Jose Bonifacio de Andrada e Silva (Brazil).
• Bartolomeu de Gusmão (Brazil).
• Erik Pontoppidan (Denmark).
• Frederick Feipá (Denmark).

he Naturalists nui i roto i France, Germany, Great Britain, Poland, Croatia, Switzerland ko Russia, i roto i nei e mohiotia Vyacheslav Pavlovich Kovrigo, Aleksandr Fedorovich Kots me Mihail Vasilevich Lomonosov.

Ko te pūtaiao tuatahi

puta Interest i roto i te āhua o te tangata i roto i nga wa onamata, ka timata ki te whakaaro e pā ana ki te aha e taea te kai i te tipu, me te aha, ko te kore, me pehea ki te hopu kararehe, me pehea ki te whakamarie ia ratou e ia.

I roto i te Kariki tawhito, i reira nga Naturalists nui tuatahi, tae atu Aristotle. Ko ia te tuatahi ki te ako me te mau natura, a hanga te whakamātau ki te systematize te matauranga. I te wa ano e faaitehia te ratou pūtaiao kitenga huahua i awhinatia i roto i te tūhuratanga. Ko te painga pūtaiao tuatahi, e hoki te wa roa e whakamahia ana i roto i te ako.

I roto i te ora o Aristotle hanga he kararehe nui, ka āwhina i ia ki te maha mano iwi, tae atu ki ngā kaihao, hepara, mohoao, i reira i te ingoa mo te ariki i roto i tona mara katoa i hoatu.

I runga i te pūtake o te pūtaiao ngā mōhiohio i kohia i tuhituhi atu atu i te 50 ngā pukapuka, te wahi e wehea kaiao ki te ohie, e tu ana i te taumata i raro o te whanaketanga, me te tāutuhia e ētahi atu kaiao ora e te hunga uaua ake. motuhia atu e ia he rōpū o kararehe e mohiotia i tenei ra kia rite ki Arthropoda, enei ngā ngārara me waimāori.

Ko te taiao o nui Carl Linnaeus

i āta putu mohio, ngā tipu me ngā kararehe ki te hoatu ingoa, engari i runga i fenua rerekē, ka hoatu e te iwi o ratou ingoa, meinga whakama. Ko reira pakeke rawa hoki ki te pūtaiao faaite mōhiotanga me te wheako, no te mea ko reira uaua ki te matau he aha ranei ko wai e ratou. pūnaha a Aristotle, i i whakamahia mo te wa roa, ka tawhitotia a ko kore hāngai, i te wahanga ake whenua hou.

Ko te tuatahi ki te ite e kua tae mai te wa ki te whakahoki kia, ko he kaiputaiao Swedish Karl Linney, e mahi kua he mahi nui i roto i te rau tau 17.

hoatu ana e ia te ingoa o ia momo, ka i roto i reo Roma, kia e taea mahino katoa i roto i nga whenua rerekē huri noa i te ao. Hoki, i wehea rauropi ki ngā rōpū me te whakarōpū me te ka he ingoa rua (momo). Hei tauira, kua te ingoa tāpiri rite ploskolistnaya me papaka pea parauri me te ma birch.

pūnaha Linnaeus 'whakamahia pera tawhiti, ahakoa i ngā wā rerekē, i whakarerekētia ai, ka kō, engari tonu te matua o te pūnaha i te taua.

Charles Darwin

I roto i te rau tau 19 i roto i Ingarangi, te kāinga o te pūtaiao rongonui Charles Darwin, e whai wāhi ana ki te whanaketanga o te pūtaiao, me te pumau tona ariā o te takenga o te ao, e mohiotia nei ko te ki nga kura.

E rave rahi o te Naturalists nui tū putanga o Darwin, i ngā i roto i te meka e kaiao ora huri i runga i te wā, ka huri ki etahi tikanga ora. Otiia e kore e katoa e taea urutau, me ora o te koutu, e te mea e taea ki te kawe i uri ratou huru maitatai pai riro hoki.

kaipūtaiao Russian

Neke atu i te nga tau, ko nga Naturalists nui i roto i Russia, a ka mohio nga iwi maha e pā ana ki o ratou hua me ngā āhuatanga.

hanga Geneticist Nikolai Vavilov he koha nui ki te ako o te uwhi. huihui e ia te kohinga nui rawa o purapura, e kua e pā ana ki 250,000 tauira, ki te whakatau i to ratou wahi o te take, ka whakawhanakehia hoki te ariā o te tipu wātea i te mate.

hanga takoha nui ki te mara o te immunology kua Ilya Ilyich Mechnikov, ako te tinana tangata, me te ara whawhai ia wheori rerekē. I whakatapua te mahi ki te ako o te korara, taipō, kohi, me te paipai pākewakewa, whakamātau ki te matau i te take, me te kitea huarahi ki te whawhai. Ia āwenewene meinga pakewakewa i roto i makimaki, a whakaahuatia ana e ia i roto i ana i tuhituhi ai. Anake hoki enei whakatutukitanga taea te pēnei ki te kāwai o "pūtaiao nui tūturu." Kua Biology kua he pūtaiao nui: i hanga e ia te ariā o te takenga o ngā kaiao multicellular, kua oti rawa te wahi tupuranga nui te wa ki te ako o te tukanga hoholo, a ua e mai wawe rawa koroheketanga e tika ana ki te whaiaro poisoning-o te kaiao papapūata rerekē me tāoke.