Ngā āhuatanga i roto i te te ahupūngao rāpoi.

Tenei ahau te whakaatu i te whakaaro, kereme i te kitea. Heoi, wahi kua kite ahau i ara he tohu o reira. E pā ana te whakaaro ki te āhuatanga o te whakaetonga, ara, e iriti te reira ake he take hou katoa rite nga take matua mo te wai meangiti i roto i te tukanga o te whakaetonga. Ko te whakamārama matarohia ko: tuha wai i te rāpoi ngota tino tere anake, te hunga e e taea ki te hinga i te ope o te attraction intermolecular. te whakaiti i tenei te tere toharite o te rāpoi ngota e toe. Nō reira, heke reira pāmahana tinana, i te mea i roto i te ti'aturiraa i runga i te tere.

Otiia ki te tirohia e koe i te iti ofi ki te tukanga o te whakaetonga, e taea te kite i te reira i tetahi atu, nui atu, ki te kahore te matua, te take meangiti. Kāore te āhuatanga (take) i tuhituhia i roto i tetahi pukapuka i runga i te ahupūngao. Mai i te ariā puāwaitanga kia te mutunga arorau e kore e te muingota whakaeto whakaiti ki tata te kore me ona tere o te tere vytolknuvshey ona muingota. Otiia e kore e he pono tenei.

Kua whakaritea nga paparanga mata o rāpoi wai i tawhiti nui atu i roto i te papa hohonu. ai tenei he āhuatanga o te mānukanuka mata.

Ko te mata o te wai

Rāpoi ngota 1 w1

V2

rāpoi ngota 2

w3

rāpoi ngota 3

Fig. 1.

Ko te pea te nuinga ki te whakaeto te pana-1 rāpoi ngota (kite. Fig. 1) Ko tona tukinga ki te rāpoi ngota o te 2, i takoto tahi me muingota 1 i runga i te hāngai ki te mata wai, me te kua he wāhanga iti tere tangential. I muri i te tukinga, i te tawhiti nui atu i te radii o nga rāpoi ngota e rua, e whakakapi e te ope tipu o attraction tahi nga ope repulsion tahi. E heke ēnei ope ki tata kore tere me te pāmahana i roto i Kelvin tukuna kore anake 1 rāpoi ngota, engari 2 o te rāpoi ngota e noho tonu i roto i te wai. Rāpoi ngota 2 E kore e wa ki te whakawhiti ratou pūngao neke ki te rāpoi ngota tata 3: ona "mutu" muingota whakaeto 1. take pea o attraction tukutahi o tetahi rāpoi ngota o te rua rāpoi ngota. I roto i tenei take, ka taea e te muingota i tetahi anake tere toharite. Heoi, i roto i te whakamutunga putanga wāhanga 1 rāpoi ngota, ka whakaiti 2 rāpoi tona tere, me te pāmahana tino Kelvin ki tata te kore. More pea me whiu tata muingota rua rāpoi lateral e whakaiti i te pānga whakapōturinga "faaora" te pūngao neke o te rāpoi ngota 2. Ko te pānga whānui inhibition tata oti ki te kia nui no te mea he feunga nui te tawhiti i waenganui i te rāpoi ngota i roto i te papa mata o te wai. Ko te take i te kaha o te attraction rite ki te ope tūpuku whakaeto rāpoi ngota, ka mea tītohunga o mānukanuka mata, ai te nuinga o te kahu inu mata o ngā rāpoi ngota puritia roto reira tae noa ki equiprobable mō ngā rāpoi ngota katoa atu kaha tutukinga ki te pusher 2. No reira rāpoi ngota, whakaeto muingota whakaiti 1 tona tere, me te tere o te rāpoi ngota 2 ki tata te kore.

kua ki te tangohia ki pūkete i roto i nga pūtaiao katoa e ako i te ao rauemi whakaetonga tītohunga. Te whakamārama hou i runga ake o te take mo te wai meangiti i roto i tona whakaetonga kia whakarato whakamārama whai hua i roto i tātaitanga katoa, me tango e ki pūkete tenei pānga.

Tona whakaaro turaki ahau i te ariā whakaetonga puāwaitanga, ara:

1. "Tere o rāpoi wai vaporized runga ake toharite". Hoki i runga i 15 tau kōrero ahau to koutou whakaaro i roto i te pūtaiao rerekē whakahaere-waho te whakautu. Ki te angitu ano i tuhituhia e ia V. V. Putinu me D. A. Medvedevu ki te tono ki te tuku atu i te reira no te tātari ki te whakahaere pūtaiao mātau. Mai i tenei faaoti ahau, kahore he mea ki te turaki, engari Whakaū - te mōrea mō te pūtaiao mahi. Paengawhāwhā 28 tenei tau, ka tutaki ahau toku whakaaro o te kaitono o sciences hangarau, he mātanga i roto i te ahupūngao rāpoi. I toku pātai tuatahi, "He aha te mea te tere o te rāpoi ngota mimiti," ka mea ia, "Tino pai, toharite runga ake." I muri hoko 'o maheni ki toku whakaaro, tuku iho reira tenei auau, "Ae, pea, etahi o nga rāpoi ngota pōturi iho. Ko te rāpoi ngota o wai rawa nui, aua, he rota o ngā whai wāhitanga ki te titaria te rāpoi whakaeto ki te tere teitei. " whakahe ahau ki tenei: "I roto i te tikanga ki te whakatere ki te tere o te toharite i runga mimiti rāpoi" 1 ", ko reira e tika ana whakaeto rāpoi" 1 "ki te titaria ki runga ki te tere, nui atu i te toharite, neke atu i te rua. A tenei hui, a, ki te taea, engari he reira na pea e kia waiho ai. Rāpoi ngota - "milioni" mo te pūngao neke me kia tino onge ". Ka rite ki te pūngao koeko pūtea e te mekameka o take me ngā pānga o te hohonu wai ki te whakatere i te Whakaeto mai "1" o te rāpoi ngota - Ka taea te māngai rite rāpoi o te tihi ki akitu i roto i te rāpoi ngota "1". Ko te kahu hohonu o ngā rāpoi ngota, te atu pea tenei apuhau pūngao hypothetical. Ko te hui tino pea - he rāpoi ngota ki te tere toharite. Rāpoi ngota, he tere, he iti ake i te iti iti iho i te toharite ranei - he kore e nohinohi ano hoki. Ko te tere o te rāpoi ngota whakaeto, tino i runga te toharite, e takahi kia meinga e te kaupapa matatini o pakanga o mua i roto i te papa hohonu. Otiia rite i roto i te hohonu o nga rāpoi ngota katoa i runga i te taahiraa rite me ngā tohutohu mana tuku katoa e ōrite pea, ka te tūponotanga o te momo o tautuhinga rāpoi ngota i roto i te kotahi aronga me kotahi muingota o "1" - te taua iti, rite te tūponotanga o noa te tiki i roto i tetahi wahi uninsulated o te rōrahi o te wai he rerekē i ētahi atu pae pāmahana. Ko te hui tino pea ko te tere o te rāpoi ngota whakaeto, paku neke atu i te toharite (rite ki ranei, ki te i roto i te wāhanga whakamutunga o te whakaetonga o ngā rāpoi ngota "1" ka te haere i te heke o reira ki hoki mai: ko te tere, ko te kore - rata reira ngā rāpoi ngota o te steam rangi ranei he tino pea i roto i te hui taua. hau wa, engari iti pea taea ka huru e tu ana).

2. Ko reira arorau ki te amo e mau te mānukanuka mata rāpoi katoa he reo, me te tere o raro i roto i te wai (anake potae ranei rāpoi rangi kohu rere whakarara ki te mata wai). Na ka ko reira e tika ana ki te faaoti i te kaupapa tino pea e ko te whakaetonga o te rāpoi ngota he tere rawa te toharite iti. Ko te rerekētanga o te pūngao neke o te rāpoi ngota "1" me te pūngao moe o tona attraction tata molekulami- iti. tikanga o tēnei e muri i te patu i tenei pūngao pea, tere - me te pāmahana i roto i nekehanga tino Kelvin - ka tata te kore nga rāpoi ngota tukuna "1" kia. "A kei hea e te pūngao neke o te rāpoi ngota pana"? ui ahau tenei pātai he mātanga i roto i te ahupūngao rāpoi. ka mea ahau (whakaaro e pā ana ki reira i te aroaro o) - pea haere ki te pūngao excitation o nga ngota, te poto, e kore e mohiotia e te tangata rite pāmahana; kia kia wāhanga itehia i te reira ki nonthermal tūāwhiorangi hiko ngaru.

3. 2.Speed wai e toe ana i roto i te rāpoi ngota "2" i muri i whakaeto muingota "1" e kore te mea tonu tonu te tutukinga e whai ake i te reira i te ariā puāwaitanga, engari heke ki tata te kore.

4. E ai ki a Scheme toku hoa tauwhainga (ka mau ia ki reira i roto o te pukapuka matua), "He tino tata pātata ki tetahi ki tetahi nga paparanga mata. He tawhiti nui i waenganui i te rāpoi ngota i roto i ia apa. " Ua faaite e ia tenei i roto i toku refutation o te kerēme e "2" rāpoi ngota Fig. "1" e kore e whai wa ki te whakawhiti ratou pūngao ki te whāriki. Heoi, me waiho tūnga itoito pūmau o te paparanga i roto i te "kopiko" i whakaaro ohie: e ko, i raro i (me "mo") ia rāpoi ngota o te 2, 3, 4, kia kia 5 paparanga he "rua". Fig. 1 Ko itoito atu pea tūranga "2" rāpoi, me te "3" - rāpoi roto te apa. Rāpoi ngota "2" takoto i roto i te toru o nga apa, te rāpoi ngota "3" - i roto i te rima te kahu, me te rāpoi ngota "1" - i roto i te apa tuatahi. I roto i tenei take, muingota "2" i muri i te whakaputa i, muingota ahua "1" tukinga - rere i roto i te āputa i waenganui i te rāpoi ngota tata te raro o te wha o nga papanga ki te, tuarima, paparanga muri rāpoi - a ka tatu o ki te whakaiti i te tawhiti ki tata kore tere, me te pāmahana. "1" whakaeto rāpoi ngota. tērā ki raro, ki te tata kore ano, te wā ki te pōturi iho ki te tata kore muingota "2". Ko tenei - he kaupapa tino pea.

5. haere "ringa i roto i te ringa" I roto i te pūtaiao, wheako me te ariā. e kore ahau e ruarua e, "Gibbs pūngao", tata nei te āputa o here ngota, me te rāpoi - tika e whakaata ana i te ari tūturu. Otiia, ki te i taea e ki te riria tona whakaaro o te mātanga i roto i te ahupūngao rāpoi ahau (pakanga ia ki raro, i muri i to tatou tautohetohe, ahakoa kahore ake ki te wahanga, engari te pai i raro i te toharite) - na, i roto i te ariā, te tautauā o whakaeto wai i paruparu me ngā āputa. Te āhua, ko tenei e tika ana ki te meka i te ope o ngā rāpoi - poto-whānui me te whakatere me te whakapōturinga - te wā-poto. Mahue, te whakamahi i ki te tātai i te tere toharite o ngā rāpoi ngota. he pono hoki ngā rāpoi ngota i roto i te wai tenei. Ko kua arahina tenei huarahi ki ngā hapa i roto i te ako o te whanonga o ngā rāpoi ngota mimiti.

6. taku whakaaro o te whakakore i tenei āputa. Pea ka whakatuwhera i te hohonu māramatanga o te take meangiti o whakaeto wai te mara hou o mahi mo nga kaitito i o refrigerators pai ake, conditioners rangi me te kawe. m. p.

7. hanga o pukapuka i mua whakatata tata atu. He ko tetahi putanga e pā ana, a ka he rite ki te whakaaro o te pūtaiao e pā ana mea katoa i roto i reira.

8. Tenei ko te akoranga 1976, Grade 9, page 68:. "Ki te he tamau te pāmahana, tahuri te wai ki te mamaoa e kore ake i te pūngao neke o te rāpoi ngota, engari e haere tahi e te hua i roto i to ratou pūngao moe. I muri i te katoa, he maha nga wa nui atu taua i waenga i ngā rāpoi ngota o te wai te tawhiti toharite i waenganui i nga rāpoi ngota o te hau. I tua atu, ko te hua i roto i te whakawhitinga i te taonga wai ki te āhua haurehu waihā,

9.

10. Fie mahi mahi ki nga ope o te pēhanga waho. Here, tohua aronga o nāianei te tātaitanga: "Ko te nui o te wera e hiahiatia mo te faafariuraa i tamau pāmahana o te 1 kg. wai ki korohū, tuku ki wera rite motuhake o te vaporization. " Te āhua, i roto i te ngaro o puna wera waho i runga i te nui o te pūngao maiki (me - pāmahana) mo nga manokaramu o te whakaetonga o te wai.

11. Otiia e kore e te tohua ki hea oku - e kore e onge, engari kōwhiringa tino pea: evaporates te rāpoi ngota, tona tere, me te tere o te wai e toe ana i roto i te rāpoi ngota e tata whakawāteatia, te pūngao moe o ngaro ratou pāhekoheko. i pa hea ki te pūngao? Tenei pātai toku interlocutor kore anake, me te kore pera nui tona rite - mahi katoa i roto i toku mata pea o tirohanga o te ahupūngao. E kore e te pūngao excitation o te ngota, i roto i te radiation hiko haere? Ko te pukapuka o te ahupūngao, i roto i nei i ahau teuteu ki te tomo i te Kuratini Institute (puta i 1983), pania te kaupapa kotahi, me te hoatu i te taua whakamārama i hoatu e ahau tata te mātanga. Otiia i roto i toku pukapuka kura faataa i taipitopito me te kaupapa ahua rerekē:. P 84. Mai i tenei whakaahuatanga puta reira e taea te waiho nga ope o ngā waenganui i ngā rāpoi ngota o te korohū, no te mea he maha nga wa iti iho i te kiato o te wai tona kiato i roto i ngā āhuatanga noa. "I roto i tetahi rāpoi ngota o te mata wai mahi i runga i te wahi 2 o te rāpoi ngota, me te kaha whakarihariha i te kaha attraction e takoto ana i roto i te rāpoi ngota hohonu 3,4,5, IT d. 2 rāpoi ngota i runga i te kaha o te mahara i te rāpoi ngota e takoto ana i roto i te hohonu 4, 5, 6, me. t. d., me te kaha whakarihariha i te rāpoi ngota 3. Otiia, i roto i te tua, mahi ara kaha i te repulsion muingota 1. Ka rite ki te hua, te tawhiti i waenganui i ngā rāpoi ngota 1 U2 toharite nui atu te tawhiti i waenganui i te rāpoi ngota o 2 me 3 (rāpoi ngota 1, 2, 3 , 4, 5, me ētahi atu -... takoto i runga i te raina hāngai ki te mata wai, me te taua - rite i roto i te Hoahoa 1 -. tupu hohonu). He tawhiti o 2 - 3 i runga i te tawhiti o te 3 me te -4. t. d. tae noa tae noa kahore pā rāpoi ngota hei hunaonga ki te mata. " whiwhi i tēnei taunakitanga fakatuipau taipitopito te e te tawhiti i waenganui i tetahi rāpoi ngota o te runga "apa", me te 2 muingota raro reira - Fig. 1 -more pea. Ko atu i te nui mō te braking rāpoi ngota 2 o Fig tenei. 1 - ki te kore. 404118 Volzhsky, 30 m - dom40 reira kV. 17.