Ngā āhuatanga ōkiko o te hauwai. Āhuatanga me te whakamahi o te hauwai

Hauwai H - huānga matū, tetahi o te tino noa i roto i to tatou ao. papatipu o te hauwai hei huānga i roto i te hanganga o te mea ko te 75% o te ihirangi katoa o ngota o tētahi atu momo. tomo ia te hononga tino faufaa, me te faufaa ki te ao - te wai. Ko hoki te āhuatanga motuhake o te hauwai te meka e ko ia te huānga tuatahi i roto i te ripanga pūmotu o ngā āhuatanga matū D. I. Mendeleeva.

Discovery me te rangahau

Ko te whakahua tuatahi o hauwai i nga tuhituhi o te rā Paracelsus hoki ki te rau tau tekau ma ono. Ko kua ona wehe i te ranunga hau o te rangi, me te āhuatanga pūkākā rangahau kua hanga i roto i te pūtaiao rautau tekau mā whitu Lemaire. Hauwai ata ako kēmihi Ingarihi me te ahupūngao kaipūtaiao Henry Cavendish, e empirically whakamatauria e te papatipu o te hauwai i raro i roto i te rite ki te tahi atu hau. I roto i ngā wāhanga i muri mai o te whanaketanga o te pūtaiao, mahi maha pūtaiao ki a ia, pērā i Lavoisier, e huaina a reira "wai i hanga."

Āhuatanga i runga i te PSKHE āhuatanga

Huānga, te whakatuwhera i te taka pūmotu D. I. Mendeleeva - he hauwai. ngā āhuatanga ōkiko me te matū o te ngota whakaatu etahi whene no hauwai wā kotahi no ki te rōpū tuatahi, te Huingaiti matua, ki te töna whanonga rite te whakarewa me te homai irahiko kotahi i roto i te tukanga o te tauhohenga matū me te whitu o - i roto i te take o te anga honohono rawa tonu, i.e. te fariiraa matūriki kino, e faaite te reira rite rite ki te kōnakonako.

Āhuatanga o te hanganga hiko o te huānga

Ko te āhuatanga o te ngota hauwai o matū uaua ki te ngā nei reira, a ka te matua i whakaritea he taonga ohie o N ₂ i te whirihoranga hiko o te hauwai. Ko te matūriki e he irahiko ki Z = (-1), e huri i roto i tona ohuraa huri noa te karihi kei roto kotahi iraoho ki te papatipu kōwae me te tiaki pai (+1). Ko tōna 1s whirihoranga hiko tuhia rite ^1, e tohu te aroaro o te korakora kino i roto ano hoki i te tuatahi, me te anake o te hauwai s-orbitals.

A, no te wehe utu te irahiko ranei me te ngota o te pūmotu kua te taonga e tahoê te reira ki te konganuku te māraa whiwhi. Tino katote hauwai - he pai matūriki pūmotu. Na reira, ko te irahiko kowaiwai o te hauwai i huaina noa te iraoho.

ngā āhuatanga ōkiko

A, no te whakaahua i te āhuatanga ōkiko o te hauwai poto, ko reira he hau koretae, torutoru wairewa ki te papatipu whanaunga ngota o te 2, 14.5 nga wa mama atu i te hau, te pāmahana aro o -252,8 nekehanga centigrade.

I roto i te whakamātautau, ka taea e ngāwari kite koe e H ₂ Ko te māmā. Ko reira rawaka ki te whakaki i te pōro e toru ngā matū - hauwai, te hauhā, te nuinga rangi - a te wā kotahi tukua ratou i te ringa. Ko te tere e tae te whenua, ki tonu nei i te CO ₂ i muri i pata i puhia e ranunga rangi ngā H ₂ me ara katoa ki te tuanui.

He taimaha iti me te rahi o te hauwai matūriki whakatika tona kaha ki te tomo i roto i ngā rauemi. I runga i te tauira o te pōro taua i roto i tenei ngāwari ki te hanga o nga ra i te rua, i muri i deflates ia ano rite noa ka haere hau i roto i te rapa. Ano, Ka taea e hauwai kohikohi i roto i te hanganga o etahi konganuku (palladium konukawata ranei), a ka whakaarahia te pāmahana te ki whakaeto i reira.

Āhuatanga hauwai torutoru whakamahia i roto i te taiwhanga mo tona hiki tikanga wehe wai. ngā āhuatanga ōkiko o te hauwai (whakaahua ripanga i raro nei kei roto i te tawhā taketake) tautuhi tona whānuitanga o tono me tikanga o te faaineineraa.

Ko te hanganga isotopic

Ka rite ki te maha atu i te mau melo o te pūnaha wā o ngā āhuatanga matū, he maha ngā kanoirite tūturu, i.e. ngota ki te taua maha o ngā iraoho i te karihi, engari tau rerekē o ngā iramoe hauwai - matūriki ki te kore me te wae tiaki papatipu. Tauira o ngota he rite rawa - hāora, te waro, māota, pūkeha me te rite, tae atu ki iraruke.

He tino rerekē i te hunga o te āhuatanga o ona hoa āhuatanga tinana o te hauwai ¹ H, te whānui tino o te māngai o tenei rōpū. I roto i ngā, i te āhuatanga rerekē o matū i roto i nei no ratou. Ko te kupu, i reira te mea he wai auau, me te deuterated kei roto i roto i tona hanganga hei utu o te ngota hauwai ki tetahi anake iraoho Deuterium ² H - kanoirite ki e rua matūriki timatanga: pai, me te uncharged. Ko e rua ngā wā taimaha atu i mua o te hauwai, e whakamārama te rerekētanga faufaa i roto i te āhuatanga o te pūhui e hanga i ratou tenei kanoirite. kitea te āhua o te Deuterium i roto i 3200 wa ono atu hauwai. Māngai Tuatoru - tritium, ³ H, i roto i te matua kua reira e rua iraoho me kotahi iramoe.

Methods mō te te whakarite me te faatea ia

Laboratory me tikanga ahumahi o te whakaputa hauwai e tino rerekē. Ko te kupu, hua moni iti o te hau e matua e tauhohe whai wāhi kohuke, me production nui-tauine o piki te whakamahi i kōtuitanga organic.

Kei te whakamahia te tauhohe matū e whai ake nei i roto i te taiwhanga:

1. Tauhohenga o konganuku whenua alkali me kawakore ki te wai ki te hanga i alkali me te hau e hiahiatia ana.
2. tukua te iahiko o te otinga kawehiko wai i te pitoake te H ₂ ↑, me te pitoiho - hāora.
3. hydrides whāwehe o konganuku alkali ki te wai, alkali me nga hua e, aua, te H hau ₂ ↑.
4. Te tauhohe i te waikawa memeha ki konganuku ki te hanga i tai, me te H ₂ ↑.
5. whai wāhi hoki te mahi o alkali runga silicon, konumohe, me te konutea ki te tuku o te hauwai i roto i te whakarara ki te hanga i tai matatini.

I roto i te painga hau ahumahi whiwhi e taua tikanga rite:

1. whāwehe o te mewaro i te aroaro o te whakakōkī ki ona matū timatanga wāhanga (350 nekehanga tae te uara o taua tawhā rite pāmahana) - hauwai H ₂ me te waro C. ↑
2. Tuku o te kohu wai i roto i te Coke i 1000 ° C ki te hanga i te hauhā CO ₂ ko H ₂ ↑ (te tikanga nui rawa mō).
3. Te faafariuraa o te haurehu mewaro i runga i te whakakōkī konukoreko i pāmahana ki runga ki te 800 nekehanga.
4. Hauwai Ko te byproduct i roto i te iahiko o wairewa waiwai o te pāhare pāporo pūhaumāota konutai ranei.

taunekeneke matū: kai whānui

ngā āhuatanga ōkiko o te hauwai te nuinga whakamārama tona whanonga i roto i ngā tukanga urupare ki te pūhui ngā. Valency o Hauwai he 1, mai i te Kei te reira i roto i te taka pūmotu i roto i te rōpū tuatahi, a ka whakaaturia e te kāwanatanga pitihāoratanga rerekē. I roto i te pūhui katoa, ki te kahore hydrides, hauwai sd = (1+) i roto i ngā rāpoi ngota o te momo CNS, CN _2, CN ₃ - (1).

He rāpoi ngota o te hau hauwai, i hanga e whakarato rua irahiko whānui, tito o rua ngota, me te tika kainga itoito, mo tenei take i raro i ngā āhuatanga noa e mangere atu i roto i te tauhohe me te tomo i tikanga noa huringa. Tei runga i te tohu o te piti hāora o te hauwai rite ētahi atu matū, ka taea e te mahi i te reira e rua hei kaipitihāora me te hāora.

Matū e huru ki te hanga i hauwai me te

taunekeneke Timatanga ki te hanga i te matū matatini (maha i pāmahana teitei):

1. Te whakarewa te whenua alkali me kawakore + H = hydride.
2. Kōnakonako + H ₂ = hauwai kōnakonako.
3. Whanariki + = sulfide hauwai.
4. Hāora + _H2O = wai.
5. Carbon + H = mewaro.
6. Nitrogen + H ₂ = haukini.

Ngā pāhekoheko ki matū matatini:

1. Te faaineineraa o te hau kōtuitanga i haukino me te hauwai.
2. Whakaora o konganuku i ratou waikura ki H _2.
3. Hauwai waiwai o waiwaro tīmeka hamanga.

here hauwai

He pera e tukua ai, he i roto i te hononga ki te huānga electronegative, ki te hanga i te momo motuhake o hononga ki te ngota taua o nga rāpoi pātata he takirua irahiko tirikore (hei tauira, te hāora, hauota, me te hau köwhai) ngā āhuatanga ōkiko o te hauwai. Ko te tauira marama hoki o taua ko te titiro pai i tenei āhuatanga - ko reira wai. Ka taea te mea te reira e ngoikore atu kotuari katote ranei papaki here hauwai, engari e tika ana ki te meka i tokomaha o ratou i te mana nui i runga i nga āhuatanga o ngā matū. I roto i te meka, here hauwai - ko te pāhekoheko hiko, e herea rāpoi wai ki dimers me waerau, whakamatautau tona mata e koropupu tiketike.

Hauwai i roto i te hanganga o pūhui kohuke

Ko te hanganga o te waikawa pararopi ngā iraoho - te māraa ngota pēnei i hauwai. waikawa toenga taonga e kua te tohu o te piti hāora nui atu (-1) mea te pūhui polybasic. I reira i reira e rave rahi ngota hauwai, e hanga te dissociation multistage i roto i wairewa waiwai. wehe ia muri toenga waikawa iraoho i uaua. Hei ine i whakaritea te ihirangi hauwai i roto i te taiao e tona kawatanga.

Hauwai i roto i ngā rōpū hydroxyl me nga turanga. E hono ana ratou ki te ngota hauwai o te hāora, hua i roto i te tohu o te piti hāora o te alkali toenga rite tonu ki (-1). I runga i te ihirangi o ngā rōpū hydroxyl i roto i te taiao tāutuhia e tona basicity.

Ko te whakamahi o te mahi a te tangata

Ipurau ki te taonga, me te ipu ki te tahi atu hau liquefied pērā i te hāora, i te ahua motuhake. pania ratou he tae mangu nei-matomato ki te whero "hauwai" pū kanapa. Kei te patia Gas ki te poihau i te pēhanga o e pā ana ki 150 atmospheres. ngā āhuatanga ōkiko o te hauwai, i ngā noho pai o te kāwanatanga whakahiato haurehu waihā me te whakamahia mō te whakakī ratou ki te ranunga o poihau haumāmā, tangi poihau, me ētahi atu

Hauwai, te āhuatanga ōkiko, ōmatū iwi e kua ako ki te whakamahi i maha nga tau ki muri, i te kau whai wāhi i roto i ngā ahumahi maha. haere tōna papatipu matua ki te hanga o te haukini. Hoki whai wāhi hauwai e i roto i te hanga o te konganuku (hafnium, germanium, gallium, silicon, molybdenum, Tungsten, zirconium, me ētahi atu) o te waikura, e korero ana i roto i te tauhohe rite te kaihoko whakaiti me te tote o te waikawa hydrocyanic, methyl waipiro, me te wahie wai waihanga hoki. Ka whakamahi te ahumahi kai reira ki te tahuri ngā hinu huawhenua ki ngako mārō.

āhuatanga matū tautuhi me te whakamahi o te hauwai i roto i ngā tukanga hydrogenation me hydrogenation o ngako, waro, waiwaro, hinu, me te hinu wahie taimaha. Ki te hua ia kohatu, aano atu, whakapau rikarika ki me te fehokotaki'anga o ngā hua whakarewa i raro i te mana o te mura hāora-hauwai.