Ngā momo o te ture: te āhuatanga matua

Ture ko te āhuatanga pāpori nui, me te matatini. momo Historical o tika fakamamafa'i tona uara hohonu ki te tukanga katoa o te kukuwhatanga. I muri i te katoa, tautohe ratou e ahu te tika i roto i nga ra wawe o te tawhito. I roto i te hapori hou, ki te mohio i nga momo taketake o kia katoa tangata whaiaro-mo tika.

whakamāramatanga taketake

Matau - te pūnaha whakahauanga mō tikanga tūmatanui katoa o te whanonga e he mana coercive, whakapumautia, ka fakangofua ia e nga ope kāwanatanga.

tika Whāinga - he huinga o whakahauanga me etahi ture ōkawa ture, e mahia me whakarato te kāwanatanga ki te whakaaro o te ture whanaunga i roto i te hapori.

tika tuakiri - Meter whanonga ture manakohia, whai ki makona nga ngākau nuitanga whaiaro o te tangata.

Ko te ariā o te momo o te ture - te matatini o te āhuatanga tino nui o te ture, ka puta i roto i te tetahi wā.

ture whakarōpū

E ai ki a Ahorangi Leystoma OE Kei te wehea te tika ki te momo e whai ake nei:

• piha pāpori;
• pāpori;
• ōkawa.

SI Arkhipov whakaara ake rima paearu whakarōpūtanga:

• he Genesis noa;
• tapatahi hanganga;
• hapori pūtake;
• āhuatanga noa;
• te ōritetanga o te kupu.

tohu tika

Te wehe tika i ētahi atu tikanga pāpori ai kia i roto i ona āhuatanga āhuatanga:

1. Te mana ao. Kei te matau te reira e te tika anake ko te täkupu e pāpori whakahauanga mō te mema katoa o te hapori, noho i runga i te rohe o te kāwanatanga ngā. Ngā mihi ki tenei āhuatanga kua te kaha ki te hanga i te ora tūmatanui tika kotahi, me te pūmau. Ki te whakaaro ki ētahi atu tikanga pāpori, kua hiahiatia hoki ratou, engari anake mo te tetahi rōpū o te taupori.
2. whakamāramatanga ōkawa. I raro i haina tenei mahi ture - e kore he whakaaro o te tangata tika ranei te whakaaro, he mooni tino, ka whakaurua ki roto ki te puka o ture, tikanga, tikanga me ngā tohutohu. Ngā mihi ki tenei ture e taea rite whakaata i te whakaritenga ki te hei maharatanga e te iwi i roto i to ratou whanonga.
3. itoito Nā mana coercive o te kāwanatanga. Ngā momo o tika tangata rite ki te pūtake o te mahi i roto i te hui o te tumu whai wāhi whiunga kāwanatanga.
4. tono maha. I roto i te meka, he memeha tikanga ture, rite ratou e whakamahia i roto i te here i te maha o ngā āhuatanga rerekē.
5. Just pupuri tika. Matau, te tuatahi o te katoa, e hāngai ana ki te faaiteraa whānui o te hinaaro ranei tangata whaiaro. Ko tōna whakaaro matua - ki te whakapuaki i te tuatahi o nga parau tumu o te tika i roto i te taupori.

typology o tika

Typology o te ture tohu tona whakarōpū motuhake. momo o ngā pūnaha ture i hanga e te maha huarahi:

1. He fakakātoa 'o nga huarahi formational me civilizational.
2. Huarahi, e hāngai ana i runga i tohu o matawhenua momo hītori, motu rawa-ture, fakalotú, me ētahi atu.

Hoki te huarahi hanganga āhuatanga e āhuatanga pāpori-ōhanga. Momo o whanaunga ahumahi i roto i tenei take ko te āhuatanga tino hira o te whanaketanga pāpori. Kei runga i tenei kaupapa e hanga e momo ture te reira. wha katoa o ratou i te huarahi i homai. momo Historical o te tika - pononga, feudal, bourgeois me te hapori.

I roto i te anga o te huarahi civilizational e te whai ake e toru ngā momo o tika:

1. āhua Ancient.
2. āhua wharekarakia.
3. āhua Modern.

E ai ki te huarahi, e hāngai ana i runga i ngā momo karakia, matawhenua, me te tahi atu emit enei momo o tika:

1. Ko te pūnaha ture motu. Kei te matau te reira i rite te mua i hanga tetahi huinga etahi o tika, ngā mahi ā ture, me te Māoritanga tino i roto i te rohe o te State ngā.
2. whānau Ture. āhuatanga i te reira rite te rōpū o te mau utuafare ture, whakakotahi i roto i te puna noa, hanganga, me te ara o mua. E hapu ture e toru: te Romano-Germanic, Anglo-Amerika, me te tuku iho fakalotu.

tika pononga

tautuhia ture pononga te rite te pai ai o nga rangatira pononga, i hanga ki te ture. Kei te farii te reira i ki te āhuatanga e whai ake nei:

• e kore here ki te faatura ki o ratou mahi ki pononga rangatira pononga.
• e kore te iwi Free e rite ki tetahi ki tetahi.
• E hau ki nga wahine, te papa pai o ngā tamariki te tangata.
• taonga Private - te whare pokapū o te ture. Ngana ko reira tautea mate.
• Ko te tūranga matua takaro e tikanga ture.
• e kore te ture tikanga i tuhituhia ngā.
• sīpinga fakaefakamaau me whakahaere - te pūtake o nga turanga katoa o te mana pononga-whai.

ture feudal

i huaina ture feudal ko e finangalo o te Ariki, i hanga ki te ture. He rārangi o ona āhuatanga matua:

• Kaitautoko o landholdings nui me ariki feudal rite takitahi.
• tautoko ana te reira ōritenga i waenganui i ngā akomanga me ngā akomanga o te taupori.
• tautoko ana te reira serfdom.
• e kore e Rangatira taimaha ki te ū ki te momo o te ture.
• He he he arbitrariness hopo i runga i te wahi o te Ariki rite ki te rängai kaiahuwhenua o te taupori.
• E kore te te tika wehea ki tūmataiti me te tūmatanui.
• E whakaaro manakohia Resolution o tautohetohe ki te whakamahi o te kaha.
• Ko te hahi noho te wahi nui i roto i te ture feudal.

ture bourgeois

tohu ture Bourgeois te pai ai o te bourgeoisie, hanga ki te ture. Kei te āhuatanga i te reira e:

• He fakamāmaní te tika, e ko, kahore ki te mahi ki te karakia.
• Ko te mīhini ture i te taumata tiketike.
• Ko te pūnaha peka o te ture tau ana branched.
• mārama wehea Ture ki tūmataiti me te tūmatanui.
• Ko te puna matua o te ture te ture.
• Haamata ki te whakawhanake i tētahi momo pāpori o te ture.
• E mōhio ana te ture te faaipoiporaa tivira motuhake.
• Kei te ngaro te tūranga o te tane i roto i whanaunga utuafare tona kaha mua.
• Whiu i uta e te hara tōrangapū, e kore mau ti'aturiraa.
• Hoko uniana tika.
• meinga te rāngai ture he peka motuhake, me te te whakahaere.

ture hapori

tika Social he pūāhua rerekē me te ariā rerekē i nga wāhanga o tona whanaketanga. Ko te wāhanga tuatahi ko te taahiraa ki te hanga o te āhua hapori. Ko tūturu i roto i te hinaaro o te ënei whenua, nga pūkenga mahi me peasants, hanga ki te ture tenei wā.

taka te wāhanga tuarua i runga i te atamira kua whakawhanakehia hapori, ina te hanga te ture i pai ai o nga iwi katoa. He nga āhuatanga e whai ake nei te ture hapori:

• Hoki taurite, humanism, te whakawa me te manapori.
• mana apatoko pūmau ki te iwi.
• He tūturu i roto i te tika taurite te atamira tuatahi. Kei te hoatu matua ki te ënei whenua me ngā akomanga i whakauru.
• I roto i te wāhanga tuarua o ona whakaaturia motu.
• whakaaturia te reira i kaimahi ki te āhua, engari i roto i te mahi e kore e rite nga turanga ariā.

ariā o te ture

pā i te ture hanganga maha āhuatanga rerekē. arata'i tenei āhuatanga ki te hanga o te momo o huarahi ki te ako o te ture, me te whakakorenga o ariā rerekē.

E tano ia tapao e whangai ana i nga ariā kotahi ki te whakarahi tetahi taha o te matau, patu atu i ētahi atu. Ratou ahua i roto i te tukanga o te whanaketanga rerekē, me rite ki te hua ki te rā ka haere mai te ariā o te ture e whai ake:

1. Ko te ariā o te ture tūturu. Ka anga ki te puta i roto i nga wa onamata. huaina te wāhi o ona takenga ko Ancient Kariki me Ancient Roma. Morare me te tika te ture, tūturu i roto i te natura taata, e ngana ana ki te tāutu me te whakaahua noa Socrates me Plato. Fully i hanga ahua te ariā o ngā tika tūturu riro i roto i te mau tenetere 17-18 i roto i te anga o te mahi o Hobbes, Radishchev, Locke me etahi atu. Ratou mahi, ko te ki te wehewehe i waenganui i te tika, me te ture. whakatakotoria matou te turanga o te ariā o Grotius, Diderot, Rousseau me etahi atu. whakaritea te ngako o te ture maori e te meka e reira he kore noa ki te waihanga i tētahi āhua pai, engari e tu ana i runga i tona matau tūturu. Ko ratou te taua mo te taupori katoa, me te e hoatu ki a ia i te whanautanga. Kei te hiahiatia ratou whakatinanatanga, mai kore ko te pūtake te kāwanatanga, engari te āhua rawa o te tangata.
2. Kura Historical o ture. Kua whakawhanakehia i roto i te 18-19 senituli ope Hugo, Savigny, Puchta. I roto i tenei ariā i raro i te ture i matau te rite te hua o te kāwanatanga fakalaumālie o te iwi, nga iteraa ture o te hapori. Ko te tika he pūāhua motu, a e kore e whakawhirinaki i runga i te whakaaro tuakiri o te kāwanatanga.
3. Ko te ariā o te ture normative. horahia te reira i roto i te iwi i roto i te toru tuatahi o nga ope rautau rua tekau Kedzena, Stammer, Novgorodtseva. Kelzen whakaahuatia tika rite runga rite ki te koeko nahanaha i roto i nei ngoi ana te "auau taketake". huaina e ia a reira i te Ture. Ko te pūtake, me te takahanga tuatahi o te tara he kirimana, ture whakahaere, whakaaro o kaiwhakawa, me ētahi atu mahi o te huru takitahi. More kaha i te wāhi ture o te tirohanga, kaupae, whakarato tona tika mo te raro. e kore e ariā Ture whakawhirinaki i runga i Māoritanga. He whai hua i roto i te āhua pūmau reira me i whakapuakina ai te tuatahi o ngā tika takitahi me ona rangatiratanga.
4. ariā oraraa totiare o te ture. Ko te hawhe tuarua o te rautau tekau mā iwa. Ko te kaiwhakatū - Ehrlich, Murom, Kantorowicz me etahi atu. karanga te reira no te maia me te haere noa o te ture-hanga o nga kaiwhakawa. e kore e whakaaro te reira i te täkupu, whakaaetia e te ture. utu te reira i tokanga makehe ki te matau, ka rite ki nga whanaunga ture i waenganui i te iwi. whakaaro te kaiwhakawa te kaihanga o te ture.
5. Theory hinengaro o te ture. Ahu te reira i roto i te whakawhetai rau tau 20 ki te mahi a Ross, Petrazhitsky, tarde. E wehewehe ana te tika kia rua nga wahi - he pai, me te pūmanawa.
6. Ko te ariā Marxist o te ture. Ko te hawhe tuarua o te rautau tekau mā iwa. Ko te kaiwhakatū ko Karl Marx, Friedrich Engels ko Vladimir Lenin. tautuhi te tika kei te rite te pai ai o te piha haapiiraa ōhanga, me te tōrangapū te faatere. Kei te tino te tika whakaritea e te kāwanatanga.

mahi tika

Ko te mahi o te ture ngā:

• ohaoha;
• tōrangapū;
• mātauranga;
• wä;
• humanistic;
• ture;
• Tipene.

Ia o ratou whai wāhi nui i roto i te haamauraa i te tikanga o te ture.