O 1800-1900 kaupapa pāpori-tōrangapū Russian

nekehanga pāpori me te tōrangapū i roto i Russia i te rau tau 19 taa ê whanui o te ihirangi me te momo o ngā tikanga mahi. whakaritea te nuinga tenei te iku'anga o te whenua i roto i te heke mai.

I te senekele matamua rite te kaupapa pāpori-tōrangapū i hanga haratau. Karamzin (ona ariā) mea e te arikitanga i tino tino whakatau i te taumata o te whanaketanga o te mātauranga me te morare tangata o nāianei.

I roto i te wā i 1830 ki te tau 1840 tau o te tautohetohe wera e pā ana ki te āhuatanga motuhake o te ara hītori Russian hopu porowhita pāpori. Ko te kupu, he kaupapa pāpori-tōrangapū "Westerners" me "Slavophiles".

Ko te whika matua i roto i Westerners ko te rōpū o ahorangi, kaituhi, publicists Petersburg (Cavelin, Botkin, Granovsky). korerorero ratou e pā ana ki te whanaketanga o te ture whānui i roto i nga whenua ritenga katoa. Ko te taa o Russia i kitea reira anake i roto i tona backwardness i ētahi atu whenua, e rua i roto i te ao tōrangapū, me te ōhanga. whakapono Westerners te tirohanga o matatau puka rite-hanga o te ora pāpori me te ōhanga o te mau tamataraa nui kei mua i te hapori, me te mana. Na roto i tenei, e matua auraa e ratou i te whakakāhoretanga o te serfdom, rerekētanga piha haapiiraa i te taumata ture, te whakarite haere noa pakihi, te whanaketanga o te kāwanatanga me te democratization o te pūnaha ture rohe.

Westerners whakahe ki nga Slavophiles. I roto i nga whika ārahi o tenei kaupapa kia kia huaina teina Aksakov, Khomyakov, Kireevskys teina. whakapono ratou e he radically rerekē i te ara i roto i nga whenua Pākehā Western te kaupapa hītori o Russia. I te wa ano paopao ratou te ariā o te backwardness tōrangapū, me te ōhanga o te fatherland, mea e te āhuatanga te kāwanatanga e dissimilarity ki paerewa Pākehā.

Tuhinga nekehanga pāpori, me te tōrangapū o te tau 1840 te nuinga o nga rangatira me ngā ākonga. Piri ratou a tawhio noa Butashevich- Petrashevsky. whai wāhi ngā mema o te nāianei i roto i itoito mahi mātauranga, te whakarite i te hanga o te papakupu encyclopedic o te ihirangi manapori me te pāpori.

whai wāhi nekehanga pāpori, me te tōrangapū o te 1860 ki te hanganga o te au motuhake, rite liberalism. Ko tōna pūtake ko te makasini, niupepa, tinana whaiaro rohe, ahorangi whare wānanga hou. i ringa rehe e Liberalism. i hono tona parirau mahue ki te raro pāhoro, me te tika - ki te kaitiaki puni.

I roto i te tīmatanga o nga 1860 i hanga Sleptsova Chernyshevsky me tahi atu feia faatere o te kaupapa "Whenua me Freedom" i nui te kaha ki te whakawhanake i ki te whakahaere katoa-Russian. Heoi, i muri i wahia ai kia rua nga ropu. Ko te kupu i hanga te kaupapa pāpori-tōrangapū, ka karanga "tohatoha anō" me te "Will o tangata". Te tuarua, i roto i te meka, ka te mono o "Whenua me Freedom".

āta oho Russian nekehanga pāpori, me te tōrangapū o te rau tau 19 ki te 1870 i runga i ki ngā mahi hou. Na, mai i 1874 tīmata reira rawa he putanga papatipu ki te iwi, i tae e mano o nga tangata me nga wahine taitamariki.

I waenganui i 1870-E - 1880-doma rahi roa'tu, kaupapa kaimahi Russian. Meinga te whakahaere tuatahi o te ënei whenua i roto i Odessa ko St. Petersburg, ahakoa tona matekai, i roto i te whakahounga o ona tūranga tahae.

tīmata ngā mahi hanganga o "Emancipation o Reipa", i raro i te ārahitanga o Plekhanov, ki te translation me tohatoha i Russia, Engels me putanga o Marx. Kua tohe nga Marxists tuatahi e kua timata kē te moni i roto i te whenua, a ka whai i te piha haapiiraa mahi ki te arahi i te pakanga motu ki te tikanga tsarist, mo te hapori, me te tika pāpori.

I roto i te 1895 nui Plekhanov me ana hoa i hanga e maha ngā rōpū e kaha mahi i roto i te aro i te tahi mau kaimahi '.