Pātengi raraunga tūhonohono. Ko te ariā o te pātengi raraunga tūhonohono

Ko te putanga o te hangarau rorohiko i roto i to tatou mōhiohio hou tohua he revolution i roto i ao katoa o te mahi a te tangata. Ko ki katoa o te mōhiohio e kore e meinga hei ururua faufaa i roto i te Internet, i whakaaro e te pūnaha pātengi raraunga, i roto i nei e kōmaka nga rauemi, systematized, me te hua e he ngāwari ki te kitea me te tuku i te tukatuka muri ratou. E toru ngā momo matua - tohatoha tūhonohono pātengi raraunga, aroākapa, whatunga.

tauira taketake

E hoki ki te putanga o pātengi raraunga, kia mea ai e ko tino matatini, mei reira ki te whanaketanga o te taputapu programmable tukatuka mōhiohio i tēnei tukanga. Ehara i te mea maere e te maha o ngā tauira tēnei wā tae neke atu i te 50, engari kei te whakaaro te mea matua ki te kia aroākapa, tūhonohono me te whatunga, e te tonu whānui e whakamahia ana i roto i te mahi. He aha ta ratou tohu?

pātengi raraunga aroākapa he hanganga rakau me te tito o raraunga o taumata rerekē i waenganui i nei i reira he kōrero. tauira pātengi raraunga Whatunga ko te tauira uaua ake. Ko tōna hanganga rite te aroākapa, ka whakawhānui te kaupapa, me te whakapai ake. Ko te rerekētanga i waenganui i a ratou, ko e taea te hono te tuku tauira raraunga aroākapa ki tetahi anake tupuna, ia kia maha ngā te whatunga. Ko te hanganga o te tūhonohono pātengi raraunga ko te nui atu matatini. Na reira, kia Taka reira i roto i te kōrero atu.

Ko te ariā taketake o te pātengi raraunga tūhonohono

whakawhanakehia tēnei tauira i roto i 1970 e Dr. Edgar F. Codd pūtaiao. Ko te tepu arorau hanganga ki mara e whakaahua te raraunga, ratou hononga ki ia atu, ngā mahi whakamana i runga a ratou, a ka tino nui - te ture e kī ratou tapatahi. Aha huaina ai ko te tauira tūhonohono? Kei te hāngai te reira i runga i te hononga (i te reo Roma. Hononga) i waenganui i ngā raraunga. He maha ngā whakamāramatanga o tenei momo o te pātengi raraunga. tepu tūhonohono ki ngā mōhiohio ko nui māmā ki te whakarite me te hoatu maimoatanga, nui atu i te whatunga tauira aroākapa ranei. Me pēhea koe e rave i te reira? Ko reira nui ki te mohio ki nga āhuatanga, te hanganga tauira, me ngā āhuatanga o te tepu tūhonohono.

Ko te tukanga o te whakatauira, me te taketake huānga

I roto i te tikanga ki te hanga i to koutou ake pātengi raraunga, kia koutou te whakamahi i tetahi o nga taputapu whakatauira ki te whakaaro ki te mea kōrero e hiahia ana koe ki te mahi, ki te hoahoa i te tepu tūhonohono me ngā hononga kotahi, me te maha i waenganui i hinonga raraunga ki te whakaki i te pūtau, ka whakaturia nga taviri tuatahi ke ranei.

Te whakatauira tepu, me te hoahoa pātengi tūhonohono whakamana te roto taputapu free rite poutaka, phpMyAdmin, Case Studio, dbForge Studio. I muri hianga taipitopito ki te whakaora i te tauira tūhonohono oti whakairoiro me te iriti i te reira ki te waehere SQL-rite. I tenei wā, ka taea e te tīmata koe te mahi ki te kōmaka raraunga, te tukatuka me te systematization.

Āhuatanga o te hanganga me ngā e pā ana ki te tauira tūhonohono

Ia pūtake i roto i tona ara ake whakaahua ana ona āhuatanga, kia hiahia ana ahau ki te hoatu i te tīwhiri iti mō iti whakama:

• tapanga tūhonohono = āhua;
• tahora = huanga ingoa = korowha = tīwae pane hinonga;
• hinonga tauira = tuple = record = pereti aho;
• huanga = uara = hinonga pūtau mara.

Hei haere ki te āhuatanga pātengi raraunga tūhonohono kia mōhio o etahi wāhanga taketake Kei roto te reira me hoki e te tikanga e ratou.

1. Uho. Ka taea e Ripanga pātengi raraunga tūhonohono kia kotahi, ranei kia te huinga o ngā ripanga e tohu whakaahuatia ngā rongoa reira i roto i te raraunga. E ratou he maha whakaritea o mara, me te maha tāupe o ngā tāurunga. tito Ripanga tauira tūhonohono pātengi te o aho, huanga, me te tahora.
2. Tuhi - he maha tāupe o nga rarangi e whakaatu i te raraunga e tohu i te ahanoa whakaahuatia. Tataunga o ngā tāurunga i hanga aunoa i te pūnaha.
3. Huanga - Raraunga whakaatu he pou SUMMARY.
4. Mara. Ko te tīwae hinonga. Ratou tokomaha - whakaturia te uara whakaritea te i roto i te hanga whakarereke ranei o te tepu.

Na, e matau nga āhuatanga wāhanga o te tepu, ka taea e koe te neke i runga i ki nga āhuatanga o te tauira pātengi raraunga tūhonohono:

• Ko te ngako o te rua-ahu pātengi tūhonohono. Nā ki tenei taonga ki a ratou ngāwari prodelyvat ngā ngā mahi arorau, me te pāngarau.
• Ko te tikanga o ngā uara me ngā pūkete huanga i roto i te tepu tūhonohono taea e te noho.
• Me whai ona ake ingoa ahurei tīwae roto te tepu tūhonohono.
• raraunga katoa i roto i te tīwae tino i te roa pūmau me te momo kotahi.
• whakaaro tetahi urunga i roto i te ngako te rite tetahi wahi o raraunga.
• He ahurei wāhanga wāhanga o te rarangi. Ko te āhua tūhonohono he kahore rarangi tārite.

I runga anō i te āhuatanga o te pātengi raraunga tūhonohono, kua matau ai e kia kia o te momo kotahi, roa te uara o ngā huanga. A feruri i te uara ngā huanga.

Ko te āhuatanga matua o nga mara o pātengi tūhonohono

Me kia ingoa mara ahurei i roto i te hinonga kotahi. Ko nga momo o ngā huanga mara o pātengi tūhonohono ranei whakaahua te kāwai o ngā raraunga rongoa i roto i nga mara hinonga. Me whai i te rahi pūmau, tātaitia nei i roto i pūāhua mara pātengi raraunga tūhonohono. Tawhā ka whakahōputu i te uara huanga tautuhi te tikanga o fakatonutonu ratou raraunga. i reira ano ko te mea pēnei i te "kanohi" ranei "tātauira tāuru". Kei te hangaia te reira ki te whakatau i te whirihoranga o te tāuru raraunga i roto i te uara huanga. Pono i te lekooti he momo o raraunga kia puta ki te pūrongo bug i te parae. Ano i runga i te mara huānga e te tahi mau fakangatangata - tikanga mō te arowhai i te tika, me te hanga pū o te urunga raraunga. He he he uara huanga whakahauanga e ahureitia kua ki ka ki i te raraunga. kia ki ai ētahi rārangi huanga ki korengia-uara. Whakaaetia ki te tomo i te huanga mara raraunga kau. Ka rite ki ki te pūrongo bug, i reira he uara e kua ki tonu aunoa i te pūnaha - ko te raraunga taunoa tenei. Ki te tere ake te rapu mo tetahi raraunga tikanga mara taupūtia.

ripanga pātengi raraunga tūhonohono ahu Kaupapa

Hoki te māramatanga taipitopito o te pūnaha whakahaere tauira whakamahi i SQL pai ki te whakaaro i te kaupapa hei tauira. Matou e matau kua aha te mea he pātengi raraunga tūhonohono. He tāurunga i roto i ia tepu - he huānga raraunga kotahi. Hei ārai i hapanga raraunga, e tika ana ki te haerenga ki te mahi.

Ko te ture taketake o te māori o te natura tūhonohono

1. Me kia ahurei te uara o te ingoa parae mo te tepu tūhonohono, tetahi o te ahua (Tuatahi Normal Puka - 1NF).

2. hoki te tepu e kua oti heke ki 1NF, ingoa o tetahi tīwae tāutu-kore ki te kia ti'aturi i runga i te pūtāutu tepu ahurei (2NF).

3. No te tepu katoa e kua kua penapena i roto i 2NF, kore-tāutu i ia mara e taea e motuhake o te tahi atu uara pūmotu unidentified (3NF hinonga).

Pātengi: hononga tūhonohono i waenganui i nga papa

E 2 matua momo o whanaunga o papa tūhonohono:

• "Ko e taha-maha". E ai puta ka wā kotahi tāurunga ripanga matua №1 maha o te rua o nga hinonga. icon matua i runga i tetahi o nga pito o te raina kua oti te unu tohu e te taonga, ko te i te taha o "tetahi", Ko maha te atu pito o te aho, he tohu o te tohu mutu-.

• Communication "maha-maha" i hanga i roto i te take o te maha rarangi kotahi hinonga arorau ngā mārama ki te maha o ngā pūkete o tetahi tepu.
• Ki te rua hinonga reira ko te concatenation o "tetahi ki tetahi", te auraa e te pūtāutu matua o te tepu, ko te hakari i roto i te tahi atu hinonga, na he tika reira ki te tango tetahi o nga tepu, kahore noa he tikanga. Ko ētahi wā anake hoki hötaka haumarutanga āta wehe i te hinonga e rua. Na reira, hypothetically, te hononga i waenganui i "tetahi ki tetahi" taea te tīariari.

Ko te oraraa o te mau taviri i roto i te pātengi raraunga tūhonohono

tautuhi taviri Paraimere, me te tuarua whanaungatanga pātengi raraunga pea. Ka taea e whai tetahi anake kī kaitono tūhonohono tauira kōrero raraunga, ka waiho i te reira kī tuatahi. He aha te mea te reira? kī Paraimere - he tīwae ranei te huinga o ngā huanga o te ngako, i roto e taea e koe te riro te uru ki te raina raraunga ngā. Me te reira ahurei, te tetahi anake, a kore e taea ona mara i roto i uara korenga. Ki te ngā i te kī tuatahi o tetahi anake huanga, ka te mea te reira ki kia kuware, te kore e waiho.

Haunga te kī tuatahi, te vai me te waho (kī ke). E rave rahi e kore e matau ki ta te rerekētanga i waenganui i a ratou. Kia titiro tatou ratou i roto i te taipitopito ake hei tauira. Heoi, i reira e rua nga tepu: "Dean" me "ngā ākonga". Ko te ngako o "Dean" kei te mara: ". Group" "ID te ākonga", "Ingoa" me Ripanga "ngā ākonga" He te uara huanga pērā i "Ingoa", "Group" me "Toharite". Na rite kore e taea e te taua mo te torutoru ākonga he ID ākonga, ko reira te parae ki te hei i te kī tuatahi. "Ingoa" me "Rōpū" i te "ngā ākonga" o te tepu kia te taua mo te iwi torutoru, kōrero ratou ki tau ID o te ākonga i te ngako o "Dean", kia taea te whakamahi ratou rite te kī ke.

He tauira o te tauira pātengi raraunga tūhonohono

Hoki mārama, hoatu tatou he tauira ohie o te tauira pātengi raraunga tūhonohono arā, o rua hinonga. He he he tepu ki te ingoa "Dean".

Ko reira e tika ana ki te kawe i roto i hononga ki te tiki i te pātengi raraunga tūhonohono tonu. Tāurunga "IN-41" me te "IN-72", kia hakari neke atu i te kotahi i roto i te tepu "Dean" rite ingoa, ingoa me te patronymic o te ākonga, i roto i ngā take onge, taea e te taua, kia kore e taea e enei mara e ki te hanga i te kī tuatahi. te uho o "ngā ākonga" e whakaatu.

Ka rite ki taea e matou te titiro, taa ê i te momo o ngā āpure pātengi raraunga tūhonohono rawa. Present rite recordings mamati me te huru. Na reira, kia tohu te tautuhinga huanga te uara o te tau tōpū, char, vachar, te rā me te ētahi atu. I roto i te uara ahurei "Dean" Ko te ID ākonga anake. Ka taea e tenei mara e tangohia rite te kī tuatahi. Ingoa, kaitoi, me waea i te ngako o "ngā ākonga" e taea te tangohia rite te kī ke tohutoro te ID o te ākonga. whakapumautia te hononga te. Ko te tauira o te tauira kōrero o "tetahi ki tetahi" tenei. Hypothetically, tetahi o nga papa anō, e taea te ngāwari ngā ratou ki te hinonga kotahi. Ki te ID-maha o ngā ākonga kihai i riro ao mohiotia, he reira tino taea e reira e rua nga tepu.