Popokorua-Apostol Sergey Ivanovich, Decembrist: biography

He mea paihere kanapa ora poto o S. I. Muraveva-Apostol ki te tupuraa faufaa o Russia i te rau tau wawe XIX. Leo Tolstoy, kihai nei i faaite i te mau mana'o o te Decembrists, ka karanga a reira tetahi o te iwi pai e kore anake e engari katoa atu te wā. He uri o te whānau tahito, e te mea he whanaunga o te rongonui Ukrainian Hetman Danylo Apostol, Sergei, e Matua i te rārangi o nga Decembrists, ka he pūmau Republican me te hoariri kaha o serfdom.

Childhood Muraviev-Apostol

Mahuru 28, 1796 whanau tuawha te tamaiti i roto i te hapu o te Statesman Ivana Matveevicha Muraveva-Apostol, ko Sergei. I muri noa iho tona whanautanga, i tonoa Vinogradov ki te emepera Paora ahau karere ki Hamburg, ka haere ia i reira ki tona utuafare. I muri hoki mai i roto i te 1801 i roto i Russia, hohoro oho Vinogradov ki Madrid i mahi. I raro i haere mai te pēhanga ki te mana i roto i France, kua Napoleona Rossiyskaya misioni kua mawehe atu i Spain. Mahue tona utuafare i roto i Paris, hoki Vinogradov ki Russia, a riro tona rīhaina. haamata Sergey Mātauranga i roto i whare Hicks 'te wahi kite tonu ia i te glibness me mahi pai i roto i ngā kaupapa mātauranga.

ho'iraa

I tipu i te tamariki i runga ki waho, ka korero Wīwī, i raro i te mana o te whaea, i ratou i te kaha te mōhio o te mea ïa, me te aroha mō te Russia. Heoi, ka i roto i 1809 ka hoki te whānau ki St Petersburg, a te oaoa ka mau a reira nga tamariki hoki, Anna Semyonovna, ratou whaea fakatokanga tonu e Russia ko te whenua o pononga, uhinga ki serfdom. Anaana aravihi pāngarau Sergei tukua ia i roto i 1810 ki te tomo ngāwari te College hou i hanga o Railway Engineers.

Whai wāhi i roto i te Pakanga o 1812

I muri i te whakaekenga o Napoleon i runga i Russia, i tonoa te ākonga ki te mahi i roto i te tari matua o te ope, i whakahau e Kutuzov. I roto i te Pipiri 1812 riro te Sergey-tau 15-tau te iriiringa o te ahi i roto i te pakanga o Vitebsk, a ka tangohia e te taitamariki rūtene wahi i roto i te pakanga o Borodino. Ko te rangatira ope M. I. Kutuzov tamata ki te pupuri i a ia i te tari matua, engari i te kau tino te āpiha taitamariki hei wāhanga o te kamupene demining raro i te ahi taimaha o te Wīwī hanga a mau te whakapakari o te pa tuhaha.

Tarutino whawhai

Ko te hiranga o te whawhai Tarutino, i piro ano hoki he rūtene tuarua, e kore nei e tae i te tau 16, i kore anake i i tutuki hua angitu mo te wa tuatahi, engari ano hoki i roto i te whakatairanga i te wairua o ngā hōia Russian. Tuatapapa whakapono e akina atu te whawhai o tarutino tona angitu i roto i Oketopa 1812 Napoleon ki te whakatau ki te haere atu i te Moscow nohoia. Na i reira ko te mura nei whawhai o Maloyaroslavets, i arahina ki te meka i kihai Napoleon ki te kōkiri atu i roto i te Kaluga, ka anga nga ope matua o te ope Russian ki te whai i te hōia French whati. I muri Maloyaroslavets hoa i tonoa mai te kura ki te whawhai te tau hoki ki a St Petersburg ki tonu ana akoranga, engari faaoti Ants-Apostol Sergey Ivanovich ki noho i roto i te ope. kitea te whai wāhitanga Muraviev-Apostol i atu whawhai mo te whakaoranga o te fatherland i te whakaekenga Wīwī i maui he hoari koura, a faaue i te ana'iraa o te rūtene. I muri i te pana o Napoleon i Russia, i whakawhiwhia e ia te Order o St. Anne III-th tohu.

pakanga ke

E hiahia ana ki te whai wāhi i roto i te pakanga tāwāhi, āpiha-tau 16-tau, i hanga te wāhui i roto i te hokowhitu o Chasseurs. Hoki te take i raro i Lutzen (Germany) Ants-Apostol Sergey Ivanovich, tona haurongo i tino uaua, i whakawhiwhia te Order o St. Vladimir 4 tbsp. ki te kopere. Mai i 1814, i raro i te whakahau a General Rajewski, whai wāhi ia i roto i whawhai maha, a i muri i te whawhai tata Paris, e tango te taitamariki rangatira te Order o Anna 2 nd tohu. I roto i Paris, tutaki ia ki runga ki tona teina tuakana Matthew, a tahi i roto i March 2014, ka hoki ratou ki a Russia, te wahi i tatari ratou mo te papa, me te teina o te waru-Hippolyte.

Organization o nga hapori ngaro tuatahi

Ko te whakatikanga ake o te iwi Russian ki te whakaekenga ke i roto i 1812 loto whakakitea te kaha o te wairua o te iwi noa, tae atu i te pa. I muri i te pakanga hōia kororia ka fakatau'atāina'i Russia Europe i te ioka o Napoleon, wahi marama o te rangatira Russian matatau i tatari mo te whakaoranga o nga iwi o to ratou whenua i te ioka o autocracy. E ai ki a S. I. Muraveva-Apostol, te whakaoranga o Russia i te ioka o ratou ake ka arahi ki te whakaoranga o te ao katoa, ka whakatairanga i te whanaketanga me te pai o te whenua.

Kua hua te hiahia ki te āwhina i te wewete iwi ratou i te faatîtîraa o ratou rangatira, ki te wahi i roto i o rawakore Aue, me i te wa taua karo te tukurua o nga mamae o "Pugachev" i roto i te māngai pai o te piha haapiiraa haamaitaihia ki te hiahia ki te whakakotahi. Ko te tekau tau tuatahi o te rau tau XIX i taonga whānui i roto i ngā hapori ngaro, tae atu i te ruma Masonic, i nei i taea e rangatira whakakiia te mārua fakalaumālie i muri i te whai wāhitanga mātātoa i roto i ngā kaupapa ao. Ko tētahi o enei kamupene, i hanga nei i roto i 1815, ko "rangatira Artel semenov wiki", whakaritea e N. M. Muravevym. S. I. Muravev-Apostol, nei i muri i hoki mai i te pakanga ke i whakawhitia ki te mahi i roto i te , wiki semenov ka tahi me tona teina Matthew mema o te mahi ngātahi. i kāore me nuinga ki nga whāinga o te hapori arā, o 15-20 iwi. I maoro, i runga i nga whakahau o Hiha rōpū i whakamararatia, engari tonu ona ngā mema te hui, a taea te whakaaro reira he pūtake mō te whanaketanga atu o te kaupapa hou.

"Union o te faaoraraa"

Ko te whakahaere ngaro tuatahi o āpiha ( "Union o te whakaoranga"), i whakapumautia i roto i 1816 i roto i te whare o te teina Mouravieff-Apostol, i tae ano hoki e Prince Troubetzkoy, Alexander ko Nikita Muravyov Iakushkin. Organization o te taitamariki rangatira, i whakaingoatia i roto i 1817 i muri i te whakatamarikitanga o ona ngā mema i roto i te Pestelya P. I. "tama pono, me te piri pono Kamupene o te fatherland", rite ko ia, a ka noho IN NUMBER (30), engari ki ngā whāinga mārama atu tautuhi. Ko te mahi matua o te hapori ko te pakanga mo te whakaoranga o te peasants i serfdom me te whakakorenga o autocracy, tohutohu nei i roto i te tūtohinga o te kamupene. I roto i te kaha ki te whakawhānui tona mana whānui, tango i te rangatira e kore e anake, engari ano hoki te piha haapiiraa waenganui, kaihokohoko, minita me peasants noa i roto i te hapori.

hapori te mātakitaki pera-ka karanga poari Root, i ngā Ants-Apostol Sergei Ivanovich. Āpiti atu ki te tupu o te riri papatipu i roto i te whenua, me te whakapakari o Europe-whānui āhuatanga pāhoro i roto i te "Union o Uelofeá," riro mana atu whakatakotoria kaitautoko o te patunga a hōia i runga i te autocracy me te whakatū o te pūnaha Republican. whakapumautia te tika o tenei huarahi e te mahi noa i roto i te 1820 hoia e tiaki ana semenov wiki. I muri i whakamararatia te pehanga o raruraru i roto i te hoia semenov, a ka whakawhitia Ants-Apostol Sergey Ivanovich ki te paetukutuku o te kānara i roto i te Chernigov Infantry Regiment. Whakarewatia i roto i te marama o Hānuere 1821, kaunihera Congress Root "Union o Uelofeá," ua faaite te whakakorenga o te hapori. Heoi, e kore i reira mau kawea atu te toremi me whakariterite anō o te "Union", i hua i te whakahaere o te kamupene e rua ki te taunga mahi tahi.

"Society Southern"

He whakahaere ngaro i roto i Ukraine tīmataria te hanganga o nei nga ngā mema o te kaunihera Tulchin 'Welfare Union ", i te ingoa" Southern Society ". I ahu te reira i na P. I. Pestel, ko te upoko o te kaunihera nui rawa Vasilievskaya Sergei Muraviev-Apostol (Decembrist). whāinga hōtaka me ngā whāinga o te kamupene, i roto i 1825 piri te "Society o United Silaví", whakaturia atu i roto i te "parau mau Russian" Kaituhitanga Pavla Ivanovicha Pestelya.

He whāinga Society i te rangi ki te mahi o "Union o Uelofeá," engari ui ki ngāue atu faaoti, ki te kohuru o te kingi ki te decapitate te rōpū monarchical. настаивал на скорейших действиях с использованием войск, находящихся под командованием офицеров – членов «Южного общества». Ko te kupu i whakapono Pestel e kia tango i te ngangaretanga wahi i roto i te pane, me te kia tino rite, ka Sergey Muravyov-Apostol, nga Decembrists me aki hoki te mahi tere ki te hoia i raro i te whakahau o rangatira - ngā mema o te "Southern Society".

Ko te whakatikanga ake o te Chernigov Regiment

I muri i te kore o te kupu hōia i runga i te kaumatua Square (Saint Petersburg), i te mutunga o Hakihea 1815 i roto i te Chernigov Regiment, whakaturia i roto i te kawanatanga o Kiev, tīmata he hoia ngangau. Ko te take mo te ngangaretanga ko te puke o Rūtene Kānara S. I. Muraveva-Apostol, nei i rangatira fakatāutaha hapu hoia,, i muri i te fariiraa i te rongo o te whakatikanga ake i roto i St Petersburg. Te ra i muri mai, ka mau i nga tutu Vasilkov, a ka Motovilovka. I roto i te Motovilovka i tai'o mua o te raina te karanga o te hunga tutu ( "Siu Catechism"), tito nei te Ants-Apostol me Bestuzhev-Ryumin. tīmata Chernigov Regiment neke ki St Petersburg ki te tumanako e te tautoko te reira e te tahi atu wae hōia. Heoi, ko kiko enei tūmanako, me raro White Ekalesia, i karapotia te hoia i te wehe o hussars me Carriers. January 3, 1826, i patua e ratou i hōia a te kāwanatanga. teina Sergei Ivanovich, Hippolytus, e kore e hiahia ki te kia riro, pere, a, kino i patua, i riro ia ia. I roto i te tūhuratanga, mahi ia itoito, a te hanahana, e ngana ana ki te whakangungu rakau ana hoa, me te ki amo tino te whakahenga katoa.

kaupapa Decembrist i roto i Russia

kaupapa Decembrists 'i roto i Russia i motuhake i roto i taua kore ratou e whakawhirinaki i runga i te whāriki ngā pāpori, me, haere i runga i te mōrearea whakamate mo te whakaoranga o te iwi, e kore titiro i tautoko ia ia. Ko te āhuatanga o te interregnum i muri i te matenga ohorere o Alexander tukua ahau ki te kawe mai i te tiaki Tuhinga Decembrists i runga i te kaumatua Square i roto i te tikanga ki te faahepo i te kaumatua ki te whakapuaki i te whakangaromanga o te autocracy, te whakakorenga o serfdom me te whakatūnga o rangatiratanga tōrangapū.

Rangirua me mahi uncoordinated o te he, arahina ki te whakatikanga ake o nga Decembrists (1825) i patua. Kooti Kirimina Teitei whakapumautia mo te tamataraa o te mau melo o te mua hōia, i mau i roto i te pā ana ki te 121 te iwi. I roto i runga ki te tohu o te he o te hunga katoa e tomo te rārangi o nga Decembrists, i wehea e ratou ki roto ki 11 rarangi. te piha haapiiraa Tuatahi, whakarato hoki te mate tuatahi, me te ka whakakapia e te pakeke te mahi mau tonu, i mau 31 iwi. mohio rima iwi e whiua te Kōmihana o Uiuitanga ngaa rukenga i ki kia taronatia, tae atu Ants-Apostol Sergey Ivanovich. I roto i te Hōngongoi 1826 kawea te rerenga i roto i.

Whare Muraviev-Apostol

Manor Mouravieff-Apostol i Moscow kei i te Old Baseina Street. I muri i nga Decembrists (1825) i reira ko te tutu, i hokona te whare. Hei tonu te mahara o nga tahae Russian tuatahi tonu whakaaro Lunacharsky, nei i haere ki te whakatuwhera i roto i te whare-whare taonga o te whenua o nga Decembrists. Whakatinanatanga o tenei mahere i anake i roto i te 1986, engari e rima tau i muri mai i katia ai e tika ana ki whare pakaru. Karangatia i roto i te 1991 e te uri o Mouravieff-Apostol hanga he whakatau i runga i te faaho'iraa mai o te whare o te tautooraa utuafare. Kua I muri tata i te tekau tau o te mahi pakeke whare kikī ana matua kua whakahou, ka riihitia ki te whare taonga Decembrists. I tēnei wā, i reira auau taurima whakaaturanga me ngā haerenga.