Pūnaha Mātauranga Abroad: Hītori

I roto i te hītori o te mātauranga kura i roto i te Western Europe me te United States i reira e maha wā o te moni mo te mātauranga Russian hou.

te pūnaha mātauranga i roto i Western Europe me te United States i hanga e i raro i te mana o te kitenga kaha i roto i te pūtaiao māori i te tahuri o XIX - XX tenetere, tae atu i roto i te hinengaro tamariki. I tenei wa, ka reira te tīmatanga meatanga ako, he tokomaha o nga whakaaro e te hunga whai pānga, me te i roto i te tono i enei ra.

Kua patua ana whakaako rata Italian Maria Montessori o te tātai "e hāngai ana i runga i te tamaiti." Swedish kaituhi E.Key hāngai tikanga o te mau hopearaa taiao - te hanga o mahi mo te whanaketanga o ope tūturu o te tamaiti. kaiako American Dzhon Dyui ko te kaiwhakaū o te tikanga me te ako o ngā kaupapa e arotahi ana i runga i ngā pūkenga ora mahi.

I roto i tenei wā, kaha whakawhanake tauira hou o te kura, "mahi kura" August Wilhelm Lai i Germany, te "School o te ora i roto i te ora" O.Dekroli i France. Puta te ao whakahaere mātauranga me nekehanga e kauwhau haere noa, mātauranga prirodosoobraznosti me te whakangungu. I roto i te wahi tuatahi - te ngākau nuitanga mātauranga o ngā ākonga, hāngai ki te takitahi, ki te whakaongaonga i mahi.

Kua te pūnaha piha haapiiraa-mahi tuku iho kua whakahē hoki o te ture tino o te tukanga ako me whāititanga i roto i ngā mahi o te tamaiti.

hoatu "meatanga" ako ara ki te whakahounga o te pūnaha mātauranga tuku iho i roto i Europe me te Amerika. I te 40-60 tau o te rau tau XX tīmata nui whakahou mātauranga kura. I te ngakau o nga panoni timata hei kaha ki te kaupapa ako, motuhake, iwi auaha nei e taea ki te mahi i te taumata o te hangarau matatau. Ko tētahi atu aronga o te whakahou - te hanganga o te mātauranga whānui matatini.

Ko te whakahou o te mātauranga American i roto i 1961 hoatu mua te parau tumu o whakahauanga "rima turanga": te reo Ingarihi, me te tuhinga, pāngarau, pūtaiao māori, tikanga ā, engineering rorohiko. Ētahi atu kaupapa - akoranga fili, o nei i reira i pā ana ki te mano.

Te pūnaha mātauranga i roto i Germany, rawa, kua meinga he "tūemi taketake me akoranga fili", ka whakaurua hoki te kōtaha hou - hangarau, ahuwhenua, hangarau me te hangarau, waiata, me taputapu.

I roto i Ingarangi, kua āwangawanga taua panoni kura tūmatanui. oti rawa 50% o te wā kura e ki te reo Ingarihi me te tuhinga, te pāngarau, te karakia, te mātauranga ā-tinana;: Ko te titiro pūnaha mātauranga rite tenei 50% - ngā pēke kaupapa herea fili - reia, sciences tūturu, pāngarau.

Ko te pūnaha i roto i te mātauranga US ripeneta i roto i te ahunga o te mahi ki te tamariki pūmanawa i te taumata o ngā hōtaka tūmatanui. "Supersady" puta mō ngā tamariki pūmanawa ki runga, ki te rima tau. tīpakohia te kura i ngā tamariki pūmanawa (te paearu matua - te kaha ki te whakaaro i waho te pouaka), ka i whakamatauria. riro Mō 35 mano ngā ākonga pupū pūkenga whakawāteatanga mō te whakauru ki te whare wānanga pai i roto i te whenua. No te faaineine te kura heke mai i hanga hōtaka kāwanatanga "Tīmata", me te "hēhami" i roto i i whakaritea akomanga kōhungahunga o ngā tamariki, me i reira nga 130 hōtaka TV mātauranga mō ngā kōhungahunga.

I te 60-80 tau o te rau tau XX, te pūnaha mātauranga ke nui te awe o nga kura whakamātautau e kua whakamatauria te hou tikanga whakaako.

"Open School" Ko te faanahoraa-wā tonu mātauranga: i roto i te hawhe tuatahi - te mau haapiiraa i roto i te hawhe tuarua - haapiiraa rōpū (whare tapere, ngā haerenga, tuhi, e haere ana).

"School kore Pātū" āwhina i kore utu atu ki te whakaiti i te rahi o te piha haapiiraa, a ki te whakarei ake moni i roto i te tukanga akoranga. Ko te ako o pekanga taketake tango wahi i roto i ngā kura, me ngā akoranga fili i whakahaeretia i roto i te ahumahi tipu, tari, me ētahi atu

"School Alternative" i roto i te Hau Amui no Marite i mahi rite te pūnaha piha-haapiiraa rerekē - ia ākonga i tētahi mahere whakangungu takitahi; mahi i roto i te pokapū rangahau, whare pukapuka, whare taonga; whai wāhi o ngā mātua i roto i te tukanga whakangungu.

Käore e kore e te pūnaha mātauranga ki waho kua tipu i roto i te takotoranga humanistic, e arotahi ana ki te whanaketanga whaiaro o ngā tamariki, me te te whānui whakaurua mātauranga motuhake , me te ite taa'e.