Rapunga fakamaama, me ona āhuatanga matua

Ko te Age o Māmá i Europa, i hanga i roto i ngā āhuatanga o mua motuhake. Ko reira te kingitanga o te arikitanga tino i roto i France i roto i te raruraru, me te āputa i waenganui i te whanaketanga ōhanga me te pūnaha o te kāwanatanga me te te tightening o clericalism (te ture o Nantes i kātakí fakalotu i whakakorea). Kua riro Rauemi o whakaaro hou te pikitia pūtaiao o te ao, whakarewahia e Newton, me te te pāpori kaupapa Ingarihi (Dzhon Lokk, te kaupapa o "tikanga noa") me Wīwī noa-whakaaro, me ngā kaituhi pērā i Per Beyl, Descartes me Montesquieu.

E fakamaama whakaaro tuatahi o te katoa i hanga e matou he matua runga pātai taumauri o te raruraru o te pato'iraa i waenganui i te whakapono, me te take, a hoatu mua rite tetahi o nga whāinga tino nui o te taata fifi o Take me Progress. Ki te te philosopho Ingarihi e no ki te wā "fakamaama" he pūkenga o te huru rūnanga pera-ka karanga, te Māmá French ko te kaupapa tūturu pāpori, "rōpū" philosopho ranei. E aroha o tōrangapū ratou, whai wāhi ki te iwi whānui, me te tuhituhi i roto i te reo French mārama ki te hunga e kua whakangungua ki te pānui me te tuhituhi. Ko te parau tumu matua o te French Māmá i te whakapono i roto i te nuinga o ngā whakaaro i runga i te hapori. whakapono ratou e awe whakaaro te whanaketanga o te hapori, me ki te whakaako i te iwi whānui, me tuatahi matou whakaako iwi.

Ko e fakamaama rapunga feruri kahore tenei, o te akoranga, te ngingila tino o tona māngai, Francois Voltaire. Heoi, e kore ia i hanga i tona pūnaha ake o kaupapa, a ka mohiotia rite te toa ki laulanú me karakia, e te aha rongonui tona karanga ki te faatîtîraa o clericalism o te Katorika Ekalesia Roma "Kuru te waikura!" Mahue te mau tenetere. Voltaire i he deist i roto i o ratou whakaaro, whakapono ia e te oraraa o te Mind i roto i te ao io te take me te whakaaro o te oraraa. ka korero ia ano i roto i te whawhai ki ta'e, whakapono e ka patua te makanga a te Atua o nga turanga morare, me te matatika o te taata nei. tamata Voltaire ki popularize i France te whakaako o ture a Newton o te natura, a whakahē hoki te ariā o "whakaaro tumu" o Descartes me solipsism Berkeley. I roto i te ariā o te matauranga okioki Voltaire i runga i Locke ko Francis Bacon: mōhiotanga e hāngai ana i runga i wheako, engari i reira he matauranga tino, pērā i te pāngarau, morare, me te ariā o te Atua. I roto i te mara o te hinengaro, ngā philosopho huatau i taua wa i te parau haapiiraa e te tangata ko te tikanga whaitake kahore te wairua, engari ki te parapara me te maramarama.

Te mana pūmau tuarua, kua hanga nei e te rapunga whakaaro o te Māmá, me te hoariri o Voltaire, ko Jean-Zhak Russo. Ko te rongonui tino o ana mahi e whakaaro "Ngaahi Fakakaukau ki te Origin o te kore ōritenga i roto i te iwi", "te Contract Social" me "Heloise New." Rousseau whakapono e te matua kaha peia kei roto i te tangata e kore e te ngakau, me te rongo, instincts pērā i hinengaro me te poto. whakahē Rousseau pūtaiao o nāianei, me te ahumahi, te haapapū e wehea e ratou te tangata i te natura, hanga ia hiahia horihori me te mokete ranei iwi i ia atu. Ko te mahi o te kaupapa - ki te whakawhiti i tenei āputa me te hanga iwi hari. I roto i te aamu o Rousseau ngā te whakaaro o te "tau koura", te whakangaromanga o te taonga tūmataiti. Mua, o te akoranga, kua, koutou e taea e kore te haere hoki, engari ka taea e koe i te iti rawa wāhanga tika te āhuatanga mā te tomo ki te kirimana pāpori, me te hanga i te hapori o rite tangata whai-iti, ki te whakaoti i ngā take katoa i roto i te tāpaetanga pōti. Ko Rousseau hoki he theorist o "tamariki tūturu" i roto i te uma o te natura, i waho te anga fakangatangata mo fakalotu piri ki nga whakaaro o te wheako whaiaro.

kaupapa e fakamaama whakaratohia hoki materialists French tupuni - La Mettrie, Helvetius, Holbach, Diderot. Holbach i roto i te "Pūnaha o Nature" heke ari katoa ki te motini o matūriki rawa, me te mea faufaa hono Lamettrie kore anake ki waka engari ano hoki ki mau mana'o, e parau i te aroaro o te automatism hinengaro ( "tangata - mīhini"). tautoko hoki ratou i te whakaaro o te whanaketanga tangata i te pararopi, "te basileia" i roto i te huawhenua, me te kararehe. Ko tētahi o nga huru o te nounou tao'a French o te wā ko tona determinism: he kaupapa ki ture ao, kahore take, kahore he whakaaro, me te take anake, me te pānga katoa. Cognition, i roto i to ratou whakaaro, e hāngai ana i runga i wheako, kua puta ki whakaaro, me tona whakaaro ko te whakapai ake a te tangata. Ko te huru matua mō te mohio he sensations e tatou "rēhita" te ao huri noa ia tatou. Heoi, hei tauira, Diderot, i roto i te rerekē ki La Mettrie, whakapono e te tangata i roto i te pūnaha taua rite, kaua, e kore te motokā, me te piana, no te mea whakamahi te reira i te pūnaha o tohu, rite te reo (a hāngai tohu ki taviri i runga i te piana). Ko te kaupapa pāpori o nga materialists o te tirohanga o kouma moni-whaiaro, e taea mahi i runga i ngā ngākau nuitanga noa, me te pera ki te haere mai ki te moni o te katoa me te morare.

Mai o te tangata tohe mohiotia nei i hoatu te ao te kaupapa o te Māmá, ki whakaae a ratou ano e hanga te tikanga noa, me nga whakaaro tika te pāpori kia tika tata katoa, i hanga e ratou i te kaupapa "Encyclopedia", te ideologue matua me te kaiwhakahaere i ko Diderot. i kaha ki te kawe tahi katoa o te Māmá, rite nga materialists, teisi me e kua tuhituhia e ratou tuhinga e pā ana ki te whakatutukitanga pūtaiao katoa i roto i te taiao, me te fakaetangatá, whakaaro whakamua ngā ki faaino o tawhito, ka hoatu he pikitia o te hinengaro tangata i roto i te whānui ia. i timata tenei mahi ki te ngākau nui, engari ka haere atu te nuinga o nga kaiuru i te kaupapa mō ngā take o te huru pūtea, me te ā-. Mahue anake, i kaha ki te kawe i tenei mahi ki te mutunga, me te ki te whakaputa 52 rōrahi katoa o "Encyclopedia", whakarāpopoto mea katoa kua tae e pūtaiao nga senituli XVII-XVIII Diderot.