Reactors Fusion i roto i te ao. Ko te piere hononga tuatahi

I teie mahana, Kei te tango maha whenua wahi i roto i te rangahau hononga. Ko te kau taki ko te Pākehā Union, te United States, Russia ko Japan, i te hōtaka o Haina, e whakanui ake Brazil, Canada ko Korea tere. I te tīmatanga, reactors hononga i roto i te United States me te Soviet Union kua hono ki te whanaketanga o patu karihi, ka noho ngaro ra ano te hui "ngota mo te rangimarie", i tū i roto i Geneva i te 1958. I muri i te hanganga o te rangahau tokamak Soviet o hononga karihi i roto i te tau 1970, kua riro te reira "pūtaiao nui". Ko kua nui haere te utu, me te matatini o te whakaaro ki te wāhi e ko mahi tahi te ao anake te whai wāhi ki te neke whakamua.

reactors Fusion i roto i te ao

Mai te 1970, kei te tonu hiki te timatanga o te whakamahi arumoni o te hononga pūngao mō te 40 tau. Heoi, nui kua tupu i roto i nga tau tata nei, hanga tenei wā kia poroa ai.

Hanga tokamaks e rave rahi, tae atu i te jet Pākehā, Ingarangi, me te rewa Thermonuclear whakamātautau Reactor TFTR i Princeton, USA. Ko te kaupapa te ara ao tēnei wā i raro i hanga i roto i Cadarache, France. ka riro te reira i te tokamak nui e ka mahi i roto i te tau 2020. I roto i te 2030, ka e hanga China CFETR, e ka nui te te ara. Na, whakahaere China rangahau i runga i te EAST superconducting tokamak whakamātautau.

reactors Fusion atu momo - stellarators - hoki rongonui i roto i ngā kairangahau. Ko tētahi o te LHD nui rawa,, piri te Japanese National Institute mo Fusion i 1998. Kei te whakamahia te reira ki te rapu hoki i te whirihoranga pai o te tape'araa wē autō. German Max Panēke Institute i roto i te wā i te tau 1988 ki te 2002, whakahaere rangahau i runga i te Wendelstein 7-AS piere i Garching, a inaianei - ki Wendelstein 7-X, te hanga o i roa ake atu i te 19 tau. Ko tētahi atu TJII stellarator whakahaeretia i roto i Madrid, Spain. I roto i te United States Princeton taiwhanga wē ahupūngao (PPPL), hanga te wahi e ia te piere hononga karihi tuatahi o tenei momo i roto i te 1951, i roto i te 2008 mutu reira te hanga o NCSX tika ki overruns utu me te kore o te pūtea.

I tua atu, nui whakatutukitanga i roto i te rangahau o te hononga inertial. Building National Ignition Facility (nKi) utu $ 7 piriona i te Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory (LLNL), utua e te Whakahaere Haumarutanga Nuclear National, i oti i roto i Maehe 2009, i te Wīwī Laser Mégajoule (LMJ) tīmata mahi i roto i te nuku 2014. reactors Fusion whakamahi lasers tukua i roto i te torutoru billionths o te tuarua āhua 2 miriona joules o pūngao marama i te rahi ūnga o te maha mitamano ki te tīmata hononga karihi. Ko te whāinga matua o nKi me LMJ he rangahau ki te tautoko i ngā hōtaka patu karihi motu.

te ara

I te tau 1985, e whakaarohia ana te Soviet Union ki te hanga i te whakatupuranga tokamak muri tahi ki Europe, Japan, me te United States. whakahaere te mahi i raro i te maru o te IAEA. I roto i te wā i te tau 1988 ki te 1990 i hanga ai te tauira tuatahi o te International Thermonuclear whakamātautau Reactor te te ara, hoki i te tikanga "ara" ranei "haere" i roto i te reo Roma, i roto i te tikanga ki te whakamatautau e hononga taea hua atu pūngao atu absorbs reira. Canada ko Kazakhstan mau wahi takawaenga e Euratom ko Russia, aua.

I muri i 6 tau o te ara Kaunihera whakaaetia te hoahoa piere matatini tuatahi e hāngai ana i runga i whakapumautia ahupūngao me te hangarau utu $ 6 piriona. Na ka haere atu te US i te huinga, i akina atu ki te whakahaurua i te utu, me te huri i te kaupapa. Ko te hua ko te te ara-Feat utu $ 3 piriona., Ko e taea e koe te whakatutuki i te tauhohenga whaiaro-paturu, me te toenga pai o te mana.

I roto i te 2003, piri te United States kotahi ano te huinga, ka ua faaite China ratou hiahia ki te whai wāhi i roto i reira. Ka rite ki te hua, i roto i te waenganui-2005, whakaae nga hoa i runga i te hanga o te te ara i Cadarache i tonga France. kua hanga EU ko France hawhe o te EUR 12.8 piriona, i Hapani, China, South Korea, te United States me Russia - 10% i ia. whakarato Japan wāhanga tiketike roto utu tāutanga IFMIF 1 piriona tikanga mo rauemi te whakamātautau me te i te tika ki te whakaara i te piere whakamātautau i muri. Ko te tapeke utu o te ara ngā hawhe te utu o te hanga-tau 10 me te hawhe - i runga i te 20 tau o te mahi. ka India te whitu o nga mema o te ara i roto i te mutunga o 2005

Ko te ngā e ki timata i 2018 ki te whakamahi o te hauwai i roto i te tikanga ki te karo i te faaitoitoraa o te aukume. Mā te whakamahi i te wē DT kore e tūmanakohia i mua i 2026

Whakaaro te ara - te whakawhanake i te 500 megawatt (i te iti rawa hoki 400 hēkona) te whakamahi i te mana tāuru iti iho i te 50 MW, kahore whakaputa hiko.

ka hua Dvuhgigavattnaya Demo whakaatu tipu nui-tauine hanga o te hiko i runga i te pūtake tūturu. ka hoahoa ariā Demo kia oti i te 2017, a ka tīmata ona hanganga i roto i 2024. ka tango Tīmata wahi i roto i te 2033.

jet

I roto i 1978, te EU (Euratom, Sweden ko Switzerland) kua tīmata he kaupapa jet Pākehā tahi i roto i te UK. Ko tēnei wā Jet te tokamak whakahaere nui i roto i te ao. mahi he piere taua JT-60 i roto i te Japanese Institute o hononga National, engari kia whakamahi i Jet anake te wahie Deuterium-tritium.

whakarewahia te piere i roto i 1983, ka ko te whakamātautau tuatahi i roto i nei i puritia te mana hononga thermonuclear ki 16 MW i Whiringa 1991 mo te tuarua 5 MW me te mana pūmau ki te wē Deuterium-tritium. Kua whakahaeretia maha ngā ki ako i te rerekē arahiko whakawera me ētahi atu tikanga.

whakaaro atu whakapainga te jet ake i tona kaha. whakawhanakehia rewa piere kiato te ki jet me ko te ara wāhanga o te kaupapa.

K-STAR

K-STAR - Korean superconducting tokamak National Institute mo Fusion Studies (NFRI) i roto i Daejeon, i hua tona wē tuatahi i roto i waenganui-2008. Ko te kaupapa whakamätau tenei te ara, e ko te hua o te mahi tahi te ao. pūtoro Tokamak o 1.8 m - pūrere tuatahi mahi aukume superconducting Nb3Sn, te taua kia e ka whakamahia i roto i te te ara. I roto i te wāhanga tuatahi, i mutu i te 2012, i K-STAR ki te whakamatau i te noho tuwhera tonu o hangarau taketake, me te ki te whakatutuki i wē pini roanga ki 20 hēkona. I roto i te rua i te wā (2013-2017) te kawea i roto i ki te ako i tona ao hou ngātere roa o runga ki te 300 s i te aratau H, me te whakawhiti ki tino AT-aratau. Ko te whakaaro o te toru o nga wāhanga (2018-2023), ko te ki te whakatutuki i te mahi nui, me te kakama i roto i te aratau pini roa. I roto i te taahiraa 4 (2023-2025) ka kia whakamatauria hangarau DEMO. e kore te mea ahei o te mahi ki te tritium DT me wahie whakamahinga te pūrere.

K-DEMO

Hangaia i roto i te mahi tahi ki te Princeton wē Physics Laboratory (PPPL) US Tari o Energy me te Tonga Korean Institute NFRI, kia kia K-DEMO te taahiraa i muri ki te hanga o reactors arumoni i muri i te te ara, a ka waiho i te tipu te mana tuatahi e taea o te whakaputa kaha ki te mātiti hiko, ara, 1 miriona watt ki te wiki torutoru. Ko tōna diameter ka kia 6.65 m, a ka whai reira he kōwae paraikete hangaia e te DEMO kaupapa. whakaaro te Tāhuhu o te Mātauranga, Pūtaiao me te Hangarau o Korea ki te haumi i roto i reira e pā ana ki te trillion won Korean ($ 941 miriona).

EAST

pairati Hainamana ake superconducting tokamak (EAST) i roto i te Institute o Physics i China Hefee hanga hauwai wē pāmahana 50 miriona ° C, a puritia ana e ia mo te 102 hēkona.

TFTR

mahi te taiwhanga PPPL whakamātau thermonuclear piere TFTR American i 1982 ki te 1997. I roto i te Hakihea 1993, ka e ia te TFTR tokamak autō tuatahi, i hanga ngā whānui ki te wē o Deuterium-tritium. I roto i te whai, hua te piere te lekooti i te mana 10.7 MW whakahaere, me i 1995, tutuki te lekooti o te pāmahana i hau ionized ki 510 miriona ° C. Heoi, kihai i te tāutanga angitu mana breakeven hononga, engari kei te pai te rite i te whāinga o te hoahoa i te taputapu, te hanga i te wāhi nui ki te ara.

LHD

LHD i roto i te Japanese National Institute mō te hononga karihi i Toki, Gifu Préfecture, ko te stellarator nui i roto i te ao. Tīmata ka mau wahi te piere hononga i roto i 1998, a ka kua faaite e ia te kounga o te wē herehere, i rite nei ki te tahi atu ngā utanga nui. I tae te reira i 13.5 pāmahana keV katote (e pā ana ki 160 miriona ° C) me te pūngao o 1.44 MJ.

Wendelstein 7-X

I muri i te tau o te whakamātautau, timata i te mutunga o 2015, kua tae te pāmahana haumāmā i roto i te wa poto 1 miriona ° C. I roto i te 2016 te piere thermonuclear ki te wē hauwai te whakamahi i te 2 MW, tae te pāmahana 80 miriona ° C mō te hauwhā o te rua. Ko te nui rawa i roto i te ao W7-X stellarator me te whakaritea ki te kia i roto i te mahi tonu hoki te 30 meneti. Ko te utu o te piere moni ki € 1 piriona.

nKi te

National Ignition Facility oti (nKi) i roto i i roto i Maehe 2009, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory (LLNL) tau. Mā te ona kurupae taiaho 192, Ko te ahei o te tutonu i 60 nga wa atu pūngao atu tetahi pūnaha taiaho mua te nKi.

hononga makariri

I roto i te Maehe 1989, e rua kairangahau, American Stenli Pons ko Martin Fleischmann Briton, ka mea Kua whakarewahia e ratou he papamahi ohie hononga matao piere, whakahaere i te pāmahana rūma. ngā te tukanga i roto i te iahiko o te wai taimaha te whakamahi i te kawehiko palladium i roto i i hāngai karihi Deuterium i ki te kiato nui. Ko te kairangahau tautohe e hua wera, e taea te faataa anake i roto i ngā o ngā tukanga karihi, me te reira nga hua taha o te kōtuitanga, tae atu haumāmā, tritium me ngā iramoe. Heoi, i taka atu experimenters ki te tārua i tēnei wheako. Te nuinga o te hapori pūtaiao e kore e whakapono e reactors hononga matao e tūturu.

Low-pūngao tauhohe karihi

Kökiritia e nga kerēme o rangahau "hononga makariri" tonu i roto i te mara o te pūngao iti tauhohe karihi, me etahi tautoko tëtehi, engari e kore e te whakaae te tikanga whakamārama pūtaiao. Papu maitai, e whakamahia ngoikore taunekeneke karihi (a kahore te ope kaha, rite i roto i te whakangotangota te kōtuitanga ranei) ki te waihanga me te hopu o ngā iramoe. Ngā ngā kătahi o hauwai Deuterium ranei i roto i te moenga whakakōkī me te tauhohe ki te whakarewa. pūrongo te kairangahau te tuku pūngao kitea. Ko te tauira mahi matua ko te tauhohe o te hauwai ki te puehu konukoreko ki te wera, he nui atu e taea te hoatu i tetahi tauhohenga matū te maha o nei.