Tai waikawa

Ki te whakakapia te waikawa tetahi ranei ngota hauwai katoa e tetahi te māraa, taonga matū pērā i huaina tote. Metal rōpū haukini ranei i roto i te rāpoi ngota kua tonu he āhua pitihāoratanga pai, me te e huaina tīhiko. i huaina toenga waikawa te anion. tai katoa i hanga ki te konganuku e no ki Group Ia o te taka pūmotu, he wairewa. Ki te whakaaro ki tai i hanga konganuku rōpū IIa, rerekē ratou memehatanga.

He reo, ki te whakakapi katoa o te rāpoi ngota hauwai i roto i te waikawa polybasic e tetahi te māraa, me te tai waikawa, ki te, i roto i te tua ki te tīhiko whakarewa haukini ranei he reira he hauwai pai i ako. Ka rite ki te tauira, ka taea te hua tai noa:

- konupora pūkawa MgSO4;

- konumohe ngāwhā Al2 (SO4) 3;

- Phosphate haukinia (NH4) 3PO4;

- konutai pākawa waro Na2CO3.

Dissociation o nga tai reo puta i te tīhiko whakarewa pai me nga ngota tīhiko tōraro toenga waikawa. Ti'araa tai toharite i takea mai i te waikawa me te ingoa o tona ato'ae hanga.

tai Waikawa e hanga e e te whakauru wāhanga o te hauwai i runga i te rōpū whakarewa haukinia ranei. Ko te kupu, ngā ratou o te whakarewa, hauwai me te toenga waikawa. Ko taea to ratou hanganga anake hoki waikawa polybasic. Tauira o taua pūhui:

- konutai hauwai pākawa waro NaHCO3;

- konutai dihydrogenphosphate NaH2PO4;

- konutai hydrogenphosphate Na2HPO4;

- pāhare pāporo hauwai pūkawa ngāwha KHSO4.

I roto i to ratou kuhimua taitara hakari "hurihiko" (ki te kotahi te māraa hauwai unsubstituted) ranei "dihydro" (ki te reira e piti hauwai unsubstituted).

E dissociated nga wairewa waiwai o tai waikawa ki ng ngota kino i roto i te puka o ng ngota, me te rua ngā momo o tīhiko pai (katote whakarewa me te hauwai): NaHSO4 ↔ Na + + H + + SO4ˉ ˉ. Paparetanga tai waikawa i hanga ki te waikawa kaha, reo wai he pH o iti iho i te 7, i konei te ingoa o enei tai. Ko te tauhohenga wai o tai waikawa i takea mai i waikawa ngoikore (hei tauira, hauwai), he kūpapa kawakore ranei te otinga, i.e. he pH o te iti rawa 7.

Ki te kia whiwhi te tai toharite rite ki te hua o ngā taunekeneke o te whakarewa ki te waikawa, me ētahi atu tikanga, te faaineineraa o tai waikawa e hāngai ana i runga i te tauhohenga ki te taikaha o:

• he waikawa polybasic ki te tote toharite. Ko te kupu whiwhi konutai hydrogensulfate: H2SO4 + Na2SO4 → 2NaHSO4, wai diammonium wairewa Phosphate (NH4) 2HPO4: H3PO4 + 2NH3 → (NH4) 2HPO4 konupūmā pākawa waro ranei: CO2 + CaC3 + H2O → Ca (HCO3) 2;

• he waikawa polybasic ki te alkali. Hei tauira, i runga i te taenga atu o te dihydrogen he konu whārite tauhohenga: 2H3PO4 + Ba (OH) 2 → Ba (H2PO4) 2 + 2H2O. Awe i te tai waikawa alkali, mai he hua o te neutralization oti taea whiwhi ano tote tiketike ratou;

• waikura waikawa ki alkali konupūmā pākawa waro pera whiwhi: 2CO2 + Ca (OH) 2 → Ca (HCO3) 2.

Kei te mohiotia te reira e kore waiwaro e te tīariari i roto i nga mea timatanga, e anga ana ki te tika i roto i te Periodic Ripanga Groups IIa, a kua whiwhi waiwaro totoka anake mo te rōpū huānga Ia.

Kei te whānui Tote whakamahia i roto i ngā ahumahi, engari e kore te mea rite takitahi katoa etahi tohutohu whānui o ratou te whakamahi. Taupānga o tenei momo o te tote, tei runga i te āhuatanga o ngā pūhui matū me te takoto i te whaihuanga ohaoha.

Ko te kupu, hei tauira, whakamahia te haukinia hydrogenphosphate (NH4) 2HPO4 rite tongi matatini ūkuikui-haukini i roto i te ahuwhenua. I tua atu, whakamahia tenei pūhui e i roto i whawhai ahi: te tiaki ahi tukatuka ratou hanganga rerekē. Ano, (NH4) 2HPO4 e whakamahia rite tāpiritanga i roto i te hanga o etahi kōeke o hikareti.

Konutai hydrosulfite NaHSO3 whakamahia hoki te bleaching o rauemi rerekē, me te whakaahua.

Calcium bisulfite Ca (HSO3) 2 Ko te rauemi raw tino mo te hanga o te cellulose i te rakau.

Bisulfites e he tai waikawa o te waikawa sulfurous, H2SO3, wahi o te epinephrine tarukino, a kei te whakamahia i roto i te koiora rāpoi.

Hydrogensulfates KHSO4 ko NaHSO4 konutai konurehu e whakamahia rite te rere i roto i te metallurgy kore-ferrous.

Konutai hydrogencarbonate NaHCO3 - taonga, te nuinga o nga tai tua waikawa mohiotia. Tona tukunga i roto i Sterlitamak (te kamupene "houra") rite ki nga ngā whakaturia mai i GOST 2156-76. whakamahia te konutai e i roto i te ahumahi kai, matū me te ho'oraa, i roto i te rongoa me i ora ia rā.