Tāpiri Hangarau: whakaahuatanga, definition, me tono ngā whakawākanga. hangarau tāpiri i roto i te ahumahi

whakaurua hangarau 3D-tā i roto i 1986, ka te kamupene 3D Systems whakawhanakehia te pūreretā motuhake tuatahi - mīhini stereolithography, e whānui i whakamahia i roto i te ahumahi korero. i tino utu nga mihini tuatahi a ko iti te pai rawa o te rauemi mo te hanganga o ngā tauira. timata te whanaketanga tere o te tā e toru-ahu ki te whanaketanga o te hangarau hoahoa (CAD), tātaitanga, me te whaihanga (CAE) me machining (CAM). A i tenei ra ko te reira uaua ki te kitea tētahi wāhi o te hanga, e kore e kua whakamahia 3D-pūreretā :. Whakamahia ratou ki te whakaputa i nga wahi o te waka rererangi, waka ātea, submarines, taputapu, prostheses me implants, whakapaipai, etc. He kitea te anga - hangarau tāpiri i roto i te heke mai tata ka waiho he matua o te hangarau engineering aunoa .

Kei te mātātoa te whai wāhi nga whenua ārahi o te ao i roto i te 3D-racing. Na, i roto i te 2012, Yangstoune, Ohio, whakatuwheratia te National Innovation Institute tāpiri ahumahi NAMII - te pokapū tuatahi o hangarau tāpiri o rima whakaputaina i roto i te United States. kua he 10 o mīhini tāpiri, e toru o nei ko nga mihini tino matatau ki te hanga i ngā wāhanga whakarewa Machine park Institute.

Kupu me te whakarōpū

Ko te ngako o te hangarau tāpiri ko ki ngā rauemi ki te hanga i ngā ahanoa raraunga i apa 3D-tauira i te apa. He rerekē i tikanga tikanga ahumahi subtractive tera machining tenei - rauemi tango i te workpiece.

whakarōpūtia te hangarau tāpiri:

• i te rauemi e whakamahia ana (wai, korakora, polymeric, whakarewa paura);
• i te aroaro o te taiaho;
• i te tikanga o whakatika te hanganga paparanga (pānga waiariki, irradiation ki hihi katinga marama kitea, te hanganga kōpaki ranei);
• i te tikanga o te hanganga o te apa.

E rua ara o hanga i te apa. Ko te tuatahi Ko e kua ringihia te tūāpapa tuatahi i runga i te rauemi paura, ko reira wehewehea takai ranei maripi ki te waihanga i tētahi ara paparanga o matotoru e hiahiatia ana o rauemi. puta te reira whiriwhiri tukatuka taiaho paura ranei te tahi atu tikanga o matūriki paura o pūhui (rewa te pia ranei) kia rite ki te wāhanga o te CAD-tauira o nāianei. he tonu Construction Papa, a ka noho tonu etahi o te paura tonu. huaina ana tēnei tukanga ko kōtuitanga whiriwhiri me te sintering taiaho whiriwhiri, ki te ko te pūhui o te taputapu te taiaho. Kei roto i te tikanga tuarua i roto i te waipara tika o te rauemi i roto i te pūngao ira Whakarāpopoto.

Organization ASTM, e whanake paerewa ahumahi, tuwhaina e te 3D-tāpiri hangarau ki 7 kāwai.

1. Extruding rauemi. I roto i te hanga mata o extruder preheated whangai te rauemi whakapiri, he ranunga o te ruruku me te paura whakarewa. whakanohoia hanga tauira masivesivá te i roto i te oumu ki te tango i te ruruku me te sinter paura - i roto i te ara ano rite tupu te reira i roto i hangarau tuku iho. whakatinana ana tēnei hangarau tāpiri i raro i te tohu MJS (Multiphase Jet solidification, multiphase solidification jet), FDM (hanumi Deposition Whakatauira, whaihanga i te layerwise Tuhinga), FFF (hanumi kakawaea Fabrication, production tikanga fusing kakawaea).
2. Riringi rauemi. Hei tauira, i roto i te Polyjet te waki i hangarau photopolymer ranei mo te upoko maha-jet tono te ki te hanga ira. Kei te karanga a hoki tenei hangarau tāpiri Maha jetting Material.
3. kōpaki ringihanga. Ko ētahi o ēnei jet hangarau Waituhi-Jet-werohanga i te hanga o te rohe e kore e whakatauira rauemi, he kaihoko ruruku (tāpiri ahumahi hangarau ExOne).
4. Pūhui o ngā rauemi te whārangi. Te paturaa i rauemi Ko te waerau kiriata, konumohe whakarewa, pepa, me ētahi atu. Kei te whakamahia te reira, hei tauira, i roto i ultrasonic hangarau tāpiri Fabrisonic. E paiherea tahi pereti maitai angiangi by ultrasound, i muri i nekehia atu metal te taikaha e mira. whakamahia hangarau tāpiri i roto i te taha ki te subtractive.
5. pati Photopolymerization. Ka whakamahia e te hangarau he rauemi whakatauira wai - photopolymer teriuma. He tauira ko te kamupene sla-hangarau 3D Systems me DLP-hangarau kamupene Envisiontec, Digital Light me ratou.
6. Rewa o te rauemi i roto i te apa mua-i hanga. Whakamahia i roto i nga SLS-hangarau, te whakamahi i rite te puna o te laser pūngao ngāwhā matenga (SHS kamupene Blueprinter) ranei.
7. pūngao Direct Whakarāpopoto ake ki te wahi o te hanga. Material me pūngao whangai ki tona ira whakakoero i roto i te hanga te wā kotahi. whakamahia te tinana kei te rite te matenga mahi, rite rawa ki te pūnaha mō te tuku pūngao me te rauemi. mai Energy i roto i te puka o te kurupae takiwa o irahiko (Sciaky) taiaho kurupae (pom, Optomec,) ranei. I te tahi taime eke te matenga i runga i te "ringa" o te karetao.

Tenei whakarōpū Ko nui atu mau a'oraa e pā ana ki te ture o hangarau tāpiri atu i te mea o mua.

Mara o te tono

mākete hangarau tāpiri i roto i te akiaki o te whanaketanga i mua o te tahi atu ahumahi. Ko tōna tupu ā-tau toharite tata i 27%, kia rite ki IDC kamupene whakatau tata e na 2019 ka fuoloa ki 26.7 piriona tāra whakaritea ki 11 piriona i roto i te 2015

Heoi, kāore anō te mākete AT ki whakakitea te aravihi hunahia i roto i te hanga o taonga kiritaki. Whakatika ki te 10% o nga kamupene o te uara o te hanga o taonga pau i roto i tona prototyping. Na kua tangohia kua maha kamupene tenei wāhanga mākete. Ko te toe 90% haere ki production, na te hanga tono mō te ahumahi tere o ngā hua ka hei te aronga matua o te whanaketanga o tenei ahumahi i roto i te heke mai.

I roto i 2014, te rahi o hangarau prototyping tere i roto i te mākete o te tāpiri ahakoa heke, noho reira te teitei - 35%, tupu te wahi o te production nohopuku, ka tae i te 31% share i roto i te hanga o taputapu noho noho i te 25%, te toenga e kiia hoki e te rangahau, me te mātauranga.

Na roto i te rāngai ōhanga, tohaina nga tono AT-tech e whai ake:

• 21% - ngā hua kiritaki me te hikohiko;
• 20% - car;
• 15% - rongoā, tae atu niho;
• 12% - aeronautics me ahumahi wāhi ahumahi;
• 11% - production o nga tikanga o te hanga;
• 8% - taputapu hōia;
• 8% - hanganga;
• 3% - hanga.

Amateurs me ngaio

AT-tech e wehea mākete ki runaruna me ngaio. mākete Amateur ngā 3D-pūreretā me ratou tiaki, e ngā mahi, Whakapau, pūmanawa, me te hangaia mo te takitahi inapō, mātauranga me te mātakitaki o ngā whakaaro, me te whakahaere i kōrero i te wāhanga tuatahi o te whanaketanga o te mahi hou.

He utu Ngaio 3D-pūreretā me e tika ana mō te whakaputa uri roa. E ratou he wāhi nui o te hanga, mahi, tika, tika, rauemi tauira te whānui. He nui ake uaua ēnei mihini, me te rapu utu i te whanaketanga o ngā pūkenga motuhake ki te mahi ki nga whakaaro ratou, ki te rauemi tauira me te pūmanawa. Tikanga, te operator o te mīhini riro te tohunga ngaio i runga i hangarau tāpiri ki teitei mātauranga hangarau.

Hangarau tāpiri i roto i te 2015

E ai ki te pūrongo Wohlers Report 2015, 1988 me te 2014, 79.602 ahumahi o 3D-pūreretā kua tāuta te ao. . I te wa ano 38.1% o nga whakaaro utu neke atu i te 5 mano US tara kei i te USA, 9.3% - mo Japan, 9.2% - ki Haina, me 8.7% - ki Germany. Okioki o te ao e tawhiti i mua o te feia faatere o te. Mai i 2007 ki te 2014 nui haere te rōrahi ā-tau o hoko o ngā pūreretā papamahi i 66 ki te 139 584 wae. I roto i te 2014, kiia 91.6% o hoko mo papamahi 3D-pūreretā, me 8.4% - no te tono ahumahi o tāpiri whakangao, te pai i nei, Heoi, kiia hoki 86,6% o te katoa, 1.12 piriona US tāra ranei ngā pūmau. mauruuru mīhini Papamahi 173,2 miriona US tāra me 13.4%. I roto i te 2016, te ti'aturi nei tatou tupu hoko ki $ 7.3 piriona, i roto i te 2018 - 12.7 piriona, i roto i te 2020 e tae i te mākete $ 21.2 piriona.

E ai ki a Wohlers, kaha FDM-hangarau, wawaenga e pā ana ki 300 rama ao, i nga ra tāpiri whakarerekētanga hou. Etahi o ratou e hokona rohe anake, na ko reira tino uaua, ki te kahore e taea, ki te rapu kōrero e pā ana ki te maha o rama hangaia o 3D-pūreretā. Ki te whakawhirinaki taea tatou te mea e ratou tokomaha i runga i te mākete faarahi ki ia ra e haere. He he he nui kanorau i roto i te rahi me te hangarau e whakamahia ana. Hei tauira, te kamupene Berlin hua te nui BigRep FDM-pūreretā huaina BigRep ONE.2 i te utu o 36 mano. Euro, ahei o te tā ahanoa ake ki te 900 x 1055 x 1100 mm ki te taumira o 100-1000 microns, me e rua extruders me te kaha ki te whakamahi i ngā rauemi rerekē.

Ahumahi - hoki

Kei te haumi kaha te ahumahi rererangi i roto i te hanga o te tāpiri. Ko te whakamahi o hangarau tāpiri ka whakaiti i te kai o te rauemi pau i runga i te hanga o nga wahi i te 10 ngā wā. E tika ana e tau e whakaputa GE Aviation Company 40 mano. Injectors. Na Airbus e 2018 i haere te kamupene ki te tā ki runga ki te 30 tana o ngā wāhanga ia marama. Ko te kamupene tuhipoka te nui te ahunga whakamua i roto i te āhuatanga o ngā wāhanga hangaia i roto i te ara, pērā i whakaritea ki tuku iho. tahuri te reira i roto i taua i te taiapa, i i hangaia mō te 2.3 taranata kawenga, i roto i te meka, ka taea e te tu pikaunga ki runga ki te 14 toni ia whakaiti i tona taimaha i te hawhe. I tua atu, i te kamupene whakaputa taipitopito o te whārangi konumohe, me tūhono wahie. E 60 mano. Pieces te rererangi Airbus, tāngia te 3D-pūreretā Stratasys Fortus Company. Ētahi atu kamupene ahumahi Aerospace e whakamahi hoki hangarau ahumahi tāpiri. I roto ia ratou: Bell Helicopter, BAE Systems, Bombardier, Boeing, Embraer, Honeywell Aerospace, General Dynamics, Notelopi Grumman, Lockheed Martin, Raytheon, Pratt & Whitney, Rolls-Royce me SpaceX.

E whakamahia kē Digital hangarau tāpiri i roto i te hanga o ngā taonga kiritaki. Company liliu, tāpiri ratonga whakarato whakangao, mahi tahi ki a Hoet Eyeware i te hanga o mōhiti mō te ako kite me mohiti. E whakaratohia 3D-tauira i te momo o ngā ratonga kapua. 3D Warehouse te kamupene o me SketchUp anake whakahere 2.7 miriona ngā tauira. Kaua e noho i roto i te rōpū, me te ahumahi ahua. whakamahi RS Tāngia he pūnaha e ine te pēhanga o te kapu, ki te tā insoles takitahi. Kei te whakamātautau kaihoahoa ki bikinis, hu me potae.

prototyping tere

I raro i prototyping tere mahino te hanganga o ngā hua tauira i roto i te wa ka taea poto. Ko tetahi o nga tono matua o tāpiri hangarau ahumahi. Tauira - ko te momo o te hua e hiahiatia ana ki te arotau i te āhua o te wahi o tona aro mātai o hāneanea, kaha whakaū whakaminenga me te tika o rongoā tahora. Ko Ko te aha te whakaiti o ngā wāhanga whakangao ora e taea tino whakaiti i te wā whanaketanga. Ano, Ka taea e te tauira e te tauira hangaia mō te whakamātautau taumahinga whakaū ranei nohoanga aerodynamic me hydrodynamic o te whare, me te taputapu hauora. He maha Momo hanga rite tauira hoahoa torotoro ki te mita i roto i te whirihoranga, tae me te tae, me te pera i runga i. D. hoki prototyping tere whakamahi ngāwari 3D-pūreretā.

production tere

Te hangarau tāpiri i roto i te ahumahi i amanaki nui. hanga tauine iti o ngā hua ki te āhuahanga matatini, me o rauemi motuhake noa i roto i te pahi, te mana engineering, pokanga reconstructive me te rongoā niho, ahumahi Aerospace. hihiri māra Direct o ngā hua konganuku e tikanga mo ohaoha, ka rite ki tenei aratau o hanga ko iti utu. Ki te whakamahi o hangarau tāpiri hanga tinana mahi kapohau me ngahaú, implants me prostheses, wahi e manawapa hoki waka me te waka rererangi.

Ko te whanaketanga o te whakangao tere, me te whai wāhi ki te hua nui i roto i te maha o ngā rauemi whakarewa paura e wātea ana. Ki te i roto i te 2000 i reira nga 5-6 momo o puehu, i teie nei tuku reira i te whānuitanga whanui, nui ki tekau o ara i hanganga maitai ki konganuku utu nui, me te superalloys.

Whaihua, me te tāpiri hangarau i roto i engineering aunoa, te wahi e taea te whakamahi e ratou i roto i te hanga o ngā taputapu, me te taputapu mō te raupapa production - fakahū mō ngā mīhini werohanga niao, pakete, tātauira.

Ultimaker 2 - te pai 3D-pūreretā i roto i 2016

I roto i te whakaaro o te CHIP makasini, i whakahaere whakamātautau me whakaritea nga āhuatanga o te whare o 3D-pūreretā, ngā pūreretā pai 2016 tauira Ultimaker e 2 kamupene Ultimaker, Reniforce RF1000 kamupene Conrad me Replicator Desktop 3D kamupene Pūreretā MakerBot.

Ultimaker 2+ i roto i tona tauira pai ake whakamahi hangarau whaihanga i fusing. 3D-pūreretā rerekē iti rawa matotoru kahu 0.02 mm o, he tātai wā iti, tā utu iti (2600 moni ia 1 kg o te rauemi). Āhuatanga matua:

• te rahi o te ruma mahi - 223 x 223 x 305 mm;
• taimaha - 12.3 kg;
• rahi upoko - 0.25 / 0.4 / 0.6 / 0.8 mm;
• mate pāmahana - 180-260 ° C;
• paparanga taumira - 150-60 / 200-20 / 400-20 / 600-20 microns;
• Tere Tā - 8-24 mm ³ / s;
• pū xyz - 12,5-12,55 microns;
• rauemi - urutaung, ABS, CPE diameter 2.85 mm;
• Pūmanawa - taputapu titiro;
• momo kōnae tautokona - STL, OBJ, AMF;
• kohi Power - 221 W;
• utu - 1895 ūropi, me te tauira turanga 2495 ūropi atu.

E ai ki arotake kiritaki, he marama ki te tāuta me te whakamahi i te pūreretā. Te whakanui i taumira teitei, whaiaro-whakatikatika moenga, he momo nui o rauemi whakamahia, te whakamahi o te pūmanawa puna tuwhera. Ko te huakore ngā te pūreretā whakatuwhera te hoahoa pūreretā, e kia hua i roto i te weranga i te rauemi wera.

Pūreretā LulzBot Mini 3D

I roto i te arotake o te makasini PC Magazine Ultimaker 2 me Replicator Desktop 3D ano tomo Pūreretā te toru runga, engari i konei i roto i te wahi tuatahi ko te pūreretā LulzBot Pūreretā Mini 3D. Ko ona ngā e whai ake:

• te rahi o te ruma mahi - 152 x 152 x 158 mm;
• Taumaha - 8,55 kg;
• mate pāmahana - 300 ° C;
• apa matotoru - 0.05-0.5 mm;
• Tere Tā - 275 mm / s i te teitei o te apa 0.18 mm;
• rauemi - urutaung, ABS, hope, PVA, PETT, pareaku, nairona, polycarbonate, PETG, PCTE, PC-ABS, me diameter etahi atu 3 mm o.
• Pūmanawa - taputapu titiro, OctoPrint, BotQueue, Slic3r, Printrun, MatterControl aha;.
• kohi Power - 300 W;
• utu - $ 1 250.

Sciaky EBAM 300

Ko tētahi o nga mihini pai ahumahi tāpiri ahumahi he EBAM 300 kamupene Sciaky. Irahiko kurupae pū ai te paparanga whakarewa i te tere o runga ki te 9 kg ia haora.

• te rahi o te ruma mahi - 5791 x 1219 x 1219 mm;
• te pēhanga o te ruma korehau - 1x10 ^-4 Torr;
• kohi mana - ki runga ki te 42 Kw i te ngaohiko o 60 kV;
• hangarau - Tangohanga;
• rauemi - Titanium me Titanium alloys, tantalum, inconel, Tungsten, Niobium, he kowiri tira, te konumohe, maitai, parahi-nika koranu (70/30 me 30/70);
• te nui mōrahi - 8605,2 rita;
• utu - 250 mano US tara ..

hangarau tāpiri i roto i Russia

e kore e mihini ahumahi-kōeke i Russia hua. I te whakawhanakehia anake i roto i te "Rosatom", te MSTU pokapū taiaho. Bauman University "STANKIN" Kuratini University o St. Petersburg, te Urals Federal University. Kei te whakawhanake "Voronezhselimmash", te whakaputa mātauranga, me te kāinga 3D-pūreretā "Arepa", he tipu tāpiri arumoni.

Ko te taua āhuatanga ki te kai. Ko te rangatira o te whanaketanga o puehu me formulations puehu i roto i Russia ko VIAM. whakaputaina ratou i te puehu hoki e whakamahia hangarau tāpiri i roto i te faaho'iraa mai o matatahi mīhini huri hiko, i te tikanga o te Permian "engines rererangi». Te ahunga whakamua, ko a i nga Institute katoa-Russian o alloys marama (WHEELS). Whanaketanga He pokapū engineering rerekē puta noa i te Russian Federation. "Rostec", Ural Manga o Russian Academy o Sciences, arahina UFU ratou whanaketanga. Otiia tonu e kore e taea e ki te whakatau noa i te tono iti o te 20 taranata o paura ia tau ratou.

I roto i tenei whakaaro, whakaakona te Kawanatanga te Tāhuhu o te Mātauranga, Manatū Ōhanga, Tāhuhu o Ahumahi, Tāhuhu o Communications, Russian Academy o Sciences, Fano, "Roscosmos", "Rosatom", "Rosstandart" pūtahi whanaketanga ki te whakatū i tētahi whanaketanga hōtaka ruruku me te rangahau. Te anihia nei hoki reira ki te tohatoha atu tohatoha pūtea, me te ki te whakaaro i te taea o te tahi-pūtea i te utu o te Fund Welfare Motu me ētahi atu puna. e tūtohu ana ki te tautoko i te hangarau production hou, i roto i te Vol. H. Addition, MERS, "Rosnano" Fund "Skolkovo", te ti'amâraa kaweake "EXIAR", "Vnesheconombank". Kei te hoki māngai te kāwanatanga i te Ahumahi me Trade Tāhuhu ka faaineine i te wāhanga o te hōtaka kāwanatanga mo te whanaketanga me te whakapai ake o te whakataetae ahumahi.