Te ahumahi miraka i roto i Russia. Te ahumahi miraka: te whanaketanga me te raruraru. Dairy me te kai ahumahi

I roto i tetahi ōhanga, te tūranga o te ahumahi kai kāwanatanga he nui. I reira, hinonga i roto i te ahumahi i roto i to tatou whenua, i reira e pā ana ki te 25 mano wahi o te kai i roto i te katoa production Russian -. 10%. Ko te ahumahi miraka ko tetahi o ona manga. Kei roto te reira i pakihi e hua ratou hua i te waiu. Ko te āwhata o te hanga, me te tautuhi ahureitia ai te tokomaha o te iwi, ratou auahatanga me te pūmanawa ira.

miraka World me te ahumahi kai

ahumahi kai i States katoa, engari i roto i ngā o tona whanaketanga, ko reira tino rerekē i roto i nga whenua rerekē. kau taki Absolute he whenua ōhanga whakawhanakehia. I tua atu, he maha ahumahi, tae atu miraka me te ahumahi kai, i whāiti te ao. Tenei te tikanga e te tahi mau States he ki täwahi, nui, etahi i - kiritaki nui.

ahumahi Meat - he peka o te whāiti te ao o whenua Pākehā (France, ngā i roto i Itari, Germany, te Netherlands, Spain, Belgium ko Denmark), America Te Tai Tokerau, Aotearoa, Ahitereiria, me te tahi mau whenua whakawhanake (Brazil, China, Uruguay, Argentina). Ko nga ki täwahi, nui rawa o enei hua i runga i te mākete ao e whakaaro nga whenua o Western Europe. pūkete ratou hoki e pā ana ki te 50% o te katoa tāwāhi ao. kau taki Ahumahi me te United States, Ahitereiria me Brazil. E whakaaro ana te ngā kaiwhakauru nui o te hua ki te hei whenua Pākehā Western, Japan ko Russia.

E hangaia hua miraka i roto i Europa, me i te United States, Peraruhia, Russia, Ukraine, Aotearoa me Ahitereiria. kua whiwhi Rongonui te pata Finnish me French, tiihi i Tiamana, Wīwī, Huiterangi, te Netherlands ko Lithuania, kirīmi kawa i Estonia ko Finland, miraka tepe i Tiamana me Wīwī. tuku feia faatere o ngā hua miraka te mākete ao he whenua Pākehā (rawa Te Tai Tokerau ko Central), me te Ahitereiria me Aotearoa. Ko tōna ngā kaiwhakauru matua - te whenua Kihi me China.

Ngā production waiu

Milk mo ona āhuatanga kai o te kai, ko te tirohanga tino tino. Ko reira tata maitai hanganga whārite o ngā matūkai. Ko te wahi o ngā hua miraka pūkete mo te ōwehenga nui o te kai o te taata nei. Kairangahau whakatau tata e ratou kohi ā-tau ko e pā ana ki 16% o ngā momo katoa o te kai.

Milk production He kotahi āhuatanga nui: ko reira te hua o ngā hua pirau. I tua atu, kōrero ratou ki ngā hua āhuatanga e auau tiketike o te kohi. Te tikanga o tēnei e kia waiho ratou production nui-tauine, me te whānui - kua kua whakawhānui tamau.

He hītori iti

tukatuka Milk i mua-orurehau Russia ka mau wahi nuinga handicraft. I roto i ngā wā Soviet, kua meinga te ahumahi miraka he ahumahi nui. Kua i roto i 1930 riro ia he whanaketanga nui. Ko reira ka e rite ki te hua o te collectivization o te ahuwhenua me te ahumahi o te whenua i hanga tikanga mo te tipu kaha o te hanga. I tenei wa, rawa kaha whakawhanakehia ahumahi miraka i roto i Moscow, Leningrad, Kislovodsk, Sochi, Kuibyshev, Sverdlovsk. whakaturia rātaka nui i runga i roto i aua pa. I roto i te 1970, i roto i ngā o te hanga o te pata, me te waiu USSR noho te wahi tuatahi i roto i te ao. I teie mahana, wheketere me mira whakaputa i te whānuitanga nui o ngā hua. E rite rawa ana ratou ki ngā rārangi aunoa me te mīhini mō te pātara i roto i peke, ipu me ētahi atu ipu, faatoetoeraa me pasteurizers, evaporators, whakawehe, kaiwhakanao o te tīhi me ētahi atu.

Ko te āhuatanga whakatakoto i te ahumahi miraka

E whakanohoia ēnei hinonga i runga i te wātea o ngā rauemi mata, me te kiritaki rānei. E hāngai ratou te nuinga i roto i noho noho taone ana.

Ko te whai ake i te āhuatanga ōhanga tino nui o whakanohoia ai te te ahumahi miraka:

• te wāhi o ngā pāmu e pā ana ki te hokohoko e hāngai ana, me te aroaro ki tenei wahi o hinonga tukatuka; ara kāwanatanga me te tikanga o te waka; wātea o ngā mo rokiroki o ngā hua whakamutunga, me ngā rauemi raw;
• kaha hua, whakahuatia i roto i te kararehe ngā, whare ahumahi, me ngā hanganga mō ngā take ahuwhenua;
• putanga tōtika i te wāhi o te tirohanga o te ōhanga;
• pūmautanga me ngā āhuatanga o whanaunga ā-rohe i roto i te mara o te pāmu miraka kau;
• whakarato o tikanga o te hanga, e homai e te ahumahi.

Ko te huru o te mākete hou

Tau o hinonga CHEESE me hanga miraka ko ngā pūmau. Otiia, inaianei kua he hehema ki te waihanga puka nui te mākete. maha hoko umanga nui tipu iti, ko te kupu whakawhänui te rohe o hoko me te hanga raukaha. I tua atu, i te rironga o te taputapu hou, e taea ai e koe te whakapai ake te kounga hua, me te mau tonu i te ingoa o te kaiwhakanao, utua hinonga matua nui. hua Ahumahi i roto i tika tau kotahi, i 2009 ki te 2010, ka nui haere i te 36.8%. Ko e tika ana ki te mahi angitu o te feia faatere mākete motu, me te rohe tenei.

Kaimahi o te waiu raw

Kei te anga Enterprises mo te hanga o ngā hua miraka he maha o ngā wero. Ko tētahi o te matua - production o te waiu raw. Kei te tonu e holomui te meka e te waiu, production i roto i nga tau tata nei. Tenei te tikanga e te aroaro o nga hinonga tukatuka reira ko te raruraru o te kore o ngā rauemi mata, e i roto i te tahuri arata'i ki te hua i roto i utu. I tua atu, raw waiu, tukua e ngā Russian, maha he kounga rawakore. Hanga tenei uauatanga atu i roto i te hanga o ngā hua kounga tiketike. E takoha Kamupene ki te whakamahi i te tāpiritanga maroke, me te horihori, e arata'i ki te hua i roto i te utu o te hanga, me te whakaiti i te uara o te taonga.

raruraru whakahaere

I tēnei wā, e te faaruru i te mākete miraka o to tatou whenua fifi nui. Ko taea ki te mōhio i te kore o te rautaki kotahi o tona whanaketanga, te whakararuraru, ā-. Kahore he pūnaha mārama o te tautoko mō te ahumahi i te kāwanatanga.

Kei te wehea ahumahi miraka Russian tēnei wā. Kei te ngana ia pūtukatuka me te kaiwhakanao ki te whakaea ki te whakatau o ngā raruraru o tona kamupene. Ka rite ki te hua, te whanaketanga o te ahumahi miraka i roto i to tatou whenua, tino pōturi iho. rōpū Ahumahi e kawea tahi ngä me pūtukatuka o te waiu, kāore, i taea ki te mahi i roto i te rautaki noa mo te tiaki o te ahumahi.

ki te hua hokohoko whakaritenga puta i āpiha a te kāwanatanga, tohutohu rerekē, me te politicized. Ia uniana, tavini melo tata'itahi te ahumahi me ratou whakaaro me ngā whakaritenga, maha taupatupatu. pahono te āhua mā te whakahere ratou ake kitenga o whakaoti nga raruraru fehangahangai e te ahumahi miraka - kotahi e he watea ki te rangatira. Heoi, ko te mākete kore e taea maha whakaae ki a ia. Ko te State Ko inaianei tika ki te hanga i tētahi mahere pakihi mārama mō te 30-50 tau i mua.

Te ahumahi miraka i roto i Russia nui nofo. He maha pūtukatuka me kaihanga waiu i roto i te pato'iraa ki tahi i te tahi. tikanga Common me te wheako i te ao whakaaro e te ahumahi e rua - te hanga waiu, me te tukatuka - he wāhanga o te pūnaha taua. E kore e taea ki te whakaara i te ahumahi, ki te anake ki te mau tonu te waiu production, no te mea he hua i roto i te rōrahi o tona tuku ka rapua e tukatuka. Waihoki, ko te whanaketanga o te ahumahi tukatuka ka arahi ki te kaimahi o ngā rauemi mata. Hohoro hanga ake mo taea anake ngā kaiwhakauru reira.

atu raruraru

E nga raruraru taketake runga ake arai i te whanaketanga o to tatou whenua pērā ahumahi rite te ahumahi miraka, he mea e tika ana ki te tāpiri i te e whai ake nei:

• tau takoto o te hanga i roto i te waiu to tatou whenua o;
• molokosborochnyh ngā takarepa, kore o wae Refrigeration runga pāmu;
• hekenga uara morare a tinana o whakaritea whakato rawa, hanga o te nuinga o nei rā hoki ki te tau 70-80 o te rau tau whakamutunga.

E rave rahi o te mau fifi me faatiti'aifarohia i te taumata kāwanatanga i runga. rapu ratou nga tautooraa tahi o hinonga. Ko te ara anake ki te whakaoti maha ngā raruraru o te ahumahi miraka.

Russia i runga i te mākete o ngā hua miraka ao

To tatou whenua ko te haria nui, engari e kore e taea te whakaaro te reira i te kaitākaro nui i roto i te mākete ao. I roto i te meka, e kore e Russia māngai i roto i ngā rōpū nui o te ao. I runga i te whanaketanga o te ahumahi pānga te rawa tōraro. E kore e te mākete o to tatou whenua whai wāhi i roto i te kōrero o ngā take ao. e kore ia e mohio e pā ana ki te mea i te ngā ao i roto i tenei ahumahi rite te ahumahi miraka. Tohutohu, auaha me te rangahau, me te whanaketanga e whakamahi feohi nui rawa o te ao, ia ano e kore e tono. Pānga ki pūtukatuka e rua o te waiu, me ona ngā kaiwhakanao me te kaiwhakamahi mutunga.

Ko te kaihanga matua

I teie mahana, i reira he tino he torutoru kaihanga o tenei ahumahi i roto i to tatou whenua. Heoi, anake etahi umanga o te ahumahi miraka hokona ona hua i roto i te nuinga o ngā rohe o Russia. E ai ki ngā tohunga, nga kamupene e whai ake (raraunga 2012) ko nga kau taki o to tatou mākete whenua:

• "Unimilk."
• "Wimm-Pire-Dann".
• Ochakovo Dairy Plant.
• ngā Voronezh miraka.
• Plant Dairy Piskarevskiy.
• Permmoloko.
• "Danone".
• "Rosagroeksport".
• "Hermann".
• Campina.

Competition i roto i te mākete

tata te wahi o te kamupene "Wimm-Pire-Dann", te rangatira i roto i te mākete kāinga o ngā hua miraka, i i 10.8% i roto i te 2012. Kia mōhio e ko e pā ana ki 4 nga wa raro te rahi o tona whakataetae tata. taea mea e taha e āhuatanga te kai te ahumahi miraka i roto i to tatou whenua e te taumata āhua teitei o te whakataetae. Engari me tatou mau i roto i te ngakau e tokomaha o nga hua i te ora papa iti. I tua atu, e hiahiatia ana e ratou tikanga rokiroki motuhake. I roto i tenei whakaaro, he tino raro te tohu o whakataetae i roto i te hokohoko rohe, me te rohe. Ko te hua, ko te e i roto i te tahi mau rohe, wheketere rohe kau taki pe kau taki ahumahi e i te 30 ki te 70% o te mākete miraka. Ko te toenga share share atu umanga rohe umanga i roto i ngā rohe tata ranei.

kawemai o taonga

whakataetae taonga kawemai ki ngā hua Russian. I roto i te whānui, i te rahi o te kawemai iti, kua whakatau tata i te reira ki te ngā i te 15 ki te 19%. Ko e tika ana ki te meka i te mākete miraka kua he tiaki taiao ki whakataetae ke, kia rite ki te hunga pirau nga hua me rapu tikanga motuhake o te transportation, me te rokiroki tenei.

Heoi, i roto i te tahi mau kāwai, kua roa te ora papa, e hua Imported kei roto i te mata i roto i te mākete Russian. I roto i ngā, kua mohio tohu ke 30% pata, me 60% tiihi. Tino tipu me kawemai o ngā hua miraka me te waiu. Ko te rōrahi o te kawemai o waiu CONDENSED me cream mo te tau 2012 ka nui haere i te 124,6%, tīhi - i te 34%, te pata - e pā ana ki 21%.

e kore te mea nui pukapuka Production o ngā hua miraka i roto i Russia, na takoha to matou whenua te ki kawemai te waiu CONDENSED, tīhi, me te pata i roto i ngā pukapuka nui. Ko te mākete o ngā hua katoa-te waiu, kua tino whakaratohia reira e production kāinga. I roto i te wā i 2009 ki te 2012, kawemai katoa o te tīhi i US $ 7.5 piriona, o te pata - 2.15 piriona tāra. Ko te rauemi ā-tau o te tīhi me te pata rahi o ngā hua kawemai ki te whenua i ki waho ko e pā ana ki 40%.