Te pirau-āhuatanga - ariā, tauira. tohungatanga Anti-pirau

Katoa te pirau-tauwehe - ko tetahi o nga tikanga e ai mea putake me horahia pirau. I roto i te whānui, e meinga enei tikanga e mau hapehape i roto i te pūnaha kāwanatanga me ture. Kei raro ko te rārangi o nga āhuatanga tino noa o te tupu o te pirau, kia rite ki te pai kia rite ki te wairua, me te parau tumu o te tohungatanga anti-pirau.

arbitrariness o rangatira

Ko te pirau-āhuatanga tuatahi - te ahopae o mana matawhāiti. He aha te mea te reira? hāngai ana tēnei take i runga i ngā āhuatanga o te papû ore kore o te wā me te turanga whakatau ranei. taea hoki te whakaahuatia te reira rite te tahi-oraraa o te mana taua o ngā nga tinana tūmatanui rangatira ranei. Ko te tino kupu āhua "matawhāiti" tikanga mooni "mahi i roto i ona whakaaro anake."

I roto i te mau parau te tahi atu, i hanga tenei take te i te āhuatanga i reira e tango te pā he tetahi haere noa o mana muhu a taea hanga whakatau mo te whakaaro ki o ona ake ngākau nuitanga (matua pūtea). Hei whakaahua i tenei tauira i reira e maha tauira. Ki te kore te te wa ki te tango i te whakatau tino e rārangi i roto i te Ture Whakahaere, te pā ana hoki te whakaaro ki o ratou ake whāinga pipiri āta whiwhi i te whai wāhi ki te whakaroa i te whakatamarikitanga o tenei whakatau. Ko te kupu, Ka taea e tapae i te reira mo etahi "ratonga" ki te whakatere tona mahi.

Tētahi atu te pirau-āhuatanga - whiriwhiri haere tua atu tona mātau. taea tenei hara kāwanatanga rohe mana tūmatanui ranei.

papā ture

"Holes" i roto i te ture i taea e arahi ki te meka e rangatira i te whai wāhi ki te whakaki i te āputa hua i-ture, te ngako o e e te tauturu ia ratou ki te whakarangatira ia ratou te riro i tetahi atu painga ranei. I roto i Russia, kua whakawhanakehia he āhuatanga rite i roto i te 90. Na ohorere riro te ture Soviet tawhito muhu, me ngā ture hou kua whāngai hoki te maha o nga tau. Ko reira i tenei wa i reira nga he rota o pakanga ture.

Kei tēnei pirau-take o te meka e kore e taea te tango te ture i runga i tetahi take iti, reira whakatikatika i ia take ngā o te uruhi ture. Ko te aha ka noho tonu ki te mahi i roto i te hui o tautohetohe? Hoki ratou, i reira he tikanga, e ai pai te whakatau etahi ngā. Hei tauira, e taea te whakatau etahi o nga āhuatanga tautohe o te mahi o tinana kāwanatanga.

Ko te tūnga e pā ana o te pirau-āhuatanga? Just i roto i te take, ki te kahore te te mahi o te mōhiohio whakaahuatia i roto i te ki tonu taipitopito i roto i te ture. Me te kāwanatanga ki te hanga me te mau tonu i te pūnaha taua i roto i nei, ahakoa o ratou tūranga e pā ana ki te mohio rite ka ake wahi, ngā rārangi o te mana me te kawenga tonu mō hara te pirau. Ki te mea ka mahi te whare tōtika me kaore he aweretanga, ka kia haere ai, me te wahine kairau tauwehe tangata, e maha amuamu, whakamārama i te take mo te utu nui.

Ko te rangirua o ngā tukanga whakahaere

E mea pinepine hara pirau puta tika ki pahara kore o ngā tukanga whakahaere ranei. I roto i tenei take e korero ano tatou e pā ana ki te mau hapehape o te ture. I roto i te tikanga ki te ārai i tenei mōrearea, me te kāwanatanga ki te tango i taua mahi ture, e pai whakarato taea ngā tukanga whakahaere katoa e hiahiatia ana ki te whakatau i te moni tūmatanui.

Ko te kupu i roto i tenei ture makona kaunuku. E ai ki te parau tumu o te whakaahuatanga pahara o ngā tukanga whakahaere, he reira taea ki he tokomaha o nga ture wero. Hei tauira, kei te korero tatou e pā ana ki te tuhinga o te Ture 80, tuhu ki te meka i te peresideni ko te māngai o te kāwanatanga i roto i te ao te ao. Heoi, e kore te mea he whakamārama āmiki e pā ana ki te mahi e pā ana tuatahi te ture.

E whakaatu ana tēnei tauira e te tikanga mau o te pirau tauwehe kino i runga-whakaahuatia me te hē. Ko huru hape, me te hauwarea ana ki tenei āhuatanga. E mea pinepine hara pirau puta tika ki te meka e rangatira he mahne o nga ture faatere ratou mahi, me te whakamahi i ō rātou tūranga ki te whai hua ratou. Na reira, Me te nuinga o nga mahi o te mana ki te hei whakaahuatanga taipitopito me te ki tonu.

Auction (whakataetae) ngā tukanga

momo katoa o tono tūmatanui - he wāhi nui mō te haamaitairaa puremu. hāngai ana te pirau Modern i roto i Russia te i runga i te whakataetae utu. Ka taea e tatou te kōrero e pā ana ki tetahi mea - te hanga o ngā kaupapa hanganga nui, te hanga o etahi taonga mō ngā hiahia kāwanatanga. I to ratou ake tono i runga i te pūtake whakataetae - e kore ko te momo o te pirau-āhuatanga tenei. E whakamahia ratou rite mau pi'o ki haafaufaa, ki te pūnaha kāwanatanga tia me tona whawhai ki hara ōhanga he rangatira i roto i te huru rawakore.

E ai ki te kaupapa puāwaitanga o auctions me whakataetae e whakamahia e whai ake. Āpiha kawenga mō te tendering, pā te whakatau whakamutunga i runga i te toa. hoatu e ratou te kaupapa i te kamupene e ka whakaherea ai mo te utu taea pai. I roto i tenei take, te moni, o te akoranga, haere ki te pute mōhiohio. Mämä noa iho - he reira he ahua taketake o te huriwhakamuri.

Ano, Ka taea e rangatira tākaro tono i roto i te manakohia o te kamupene no ki "ratou" iwi - hoa ranei whanaunga. E mea pinepine te pirau i roto i Russia ko e whai ake. Kei te tata hono te kamupene ki te mana, e tango te kaupapa (hei tauira ara hanga) a ka hokona te reira wehikore nei. I roto i te mau parau te tahi atu, etahi o nga raraunga moni i runga i te whakatinanatanga o te fafauraa, haere ki te whitiki o rangatira, i te mea he aha te tuatahi ki te mamae i te hua. A, no te haere mai te reira ki te hanga, ko reira pea e te kaikirimana e whakaora i runga i ngā rauemi hanga, e ka arahi ki te maturuturunga iho i roto i te kounga o te mahi. ka waiho noho-poto te ara hou, ka hohoro Me te whare hou hanga, a na i runga i. D. tenei, i roto i te tahuri, ko te take hoki enei whakataetae, i roto i nei e hiahia ana ratou ki te hanga rangatira mangere.

Tono, me te moutere

E ai ki ngā tatauranga, te tāutu i te pirau-āhuatanga whakaatu e enei kaupapa mā te whakamahi i whakataetae, kua roa peia i te tūranga tuatahi o te pirau iti pera-ka karanga - te whakawhitinga o te moni tika ki pononga ture "i roto i te pūhera" mo te whakarato o etahi ratonga. kia ngā te whatunga taua o ngā taumata maha me takitahi. E mea pinepine hoki fakatupulaki te whakamahi i whakataetae ki te hanga i tētahi kamupene-i-po. kitea rawatia ake e ratou ngaro i muri i te fariiraa i te raupapa kāwanatanga (me ki a ratou, me te moni).

Kei te tata te tauira whakataetae mahue i roto i te scene whakamutunga ki te whakawhitinga o te moni i roto i ngā pāhi puru ki te moni. Kua riro taua tikanga tahito te rota o kiriata. Mā te whakamahi i te kamupene kotahi-ra, kamupene-pūreirei, me ētahi atu tinihanga o te pononga ā maha kati moni ki waho i roto i te tikanga ki "ma" ratou, ka whakamahi i humarie rite roaa pono. hāngai ana taua pirau te i runga i te moutere. E āwhina ana ēnei pūkete ke kamupene ranei kaimahi te whakamana i tahaetia, ka tahaetia i te āhua me te kaiutu.

tauārai whakahaere

I tua atu, he pirau-āhuatanga titauraa tōtu'a ki te tangata e tika ana mo te whakatutukitanga o ratou tika tika. kia tangohia āpiha aukati o Taare, me te taimaha, riro āwhina kāwanatanga ārai iwi whakahaere ranei, me ētahi atu te āhuatanga - .. He vires ultra angamaheni. O nga ara katoa o te haamaitairaa kino o nga rangatira whakaahuatia i roto i te ture, i roto i te ta'e tino me mārama ko ïa te pirau-āhuatanga. He mārama, me te mārama i te ariā o "tauārai whakahaere". Ka rite ki kia hanga e ratou rārangi roa, maha nui o tiwhikete e hiahiatia ana, me te pera i runga i. D.

enei tangata ari kino katoa he whenua mōmona hoki te putanga o ngā hua. I runga i te ringa kotahi, he kēne mōhiohio mō te moni ki te whakarato i etahi painga ratonga ranei, engari i runga i te tahi atu - ki te whakaora i te hātepe o cumbersome. Ko te rite ki te parau tumu hou, me te mahi i te pirau-āhuatanga. I roto i te ture kahore he tauira taipitopito, engari e taea te māngai ratou, ki te iti rawa etahi māramatanga o ngā ratonga tūmatanui.

I te tahi taime i te āhuatanga pērā ki te hōia, e kua tika ki te nohoanga i runga i te kirimana pāpori o mahi. I roto i te tikanga ki te tu ki runga ki te tangata katoa me ki te kohikohi ake atu i te tohutoro tatini. Kua hanga katoa o ratou i roto i te rerekē tinana kāwanatanga me rangatira iti niggle taea meinga tamataraa tukurua me te studding nga kuwaha o rerekē ngā pokapū, manatü me faatereraa i roto i te rapu o tangohanga i te rēhita me te tārua. A, no te i roto i te taua take i ahuareka ai, me te faufaa e te e pā ana tei runga i te whakarau, me te heke mai o te tangata pai-oranga, i reira te mea he faahemaraa ki te whakamahi i tana tūranga ki te whakarangatira ia ratou. I roto i te mau parau te tahi atu, anake e taea te tapatahi ngā mōhiohio tiaki te tangata i te hiahia o tinihanga.

I roto i te tika kia tuhia te reira i hanga e kua te kāwanatanga e rave rahi takahanga i roto i te tau tata ki te whakaoti i te rapanga. I te 2012 i haere te ture e puta ke te akoranga o te mana o te ngā ratonga pāpori. I roto i ngā, kua neke tenei auaha ki mana tūmatanui i te hopoi'a ki te tono i te tahi mau tuhinga, e māmā hoki tangata ki te whiwhi i te pepa e tika ana. Na ano he hāngai tonu te raruraru. Tukua reira - tetahi o nga whāinga tino nui o te kāwanatanga i roto i te tenei ra kaupapa here anti-pirau.

Ko te kupu i roto i te tuhinga

Ētahi atu tohu o te pirau-āhuatanga e ki etahi indeterminacy reo o te reo ture i roto i ngā tuhinga e pā ana. Tikanga, tenei raruraru pānga whakaritenga uara. I roto i te tikanga ki te tāutu i taua pakanga i reira he tohungatanga reo, me te ture motuhake.

He he torutoru ture taketake e pā ana ki te waihanga o ngā ture. Me tuhituhi nga tuhinga i roto i te reo mārama, me te mārama ki tangata noa. Pepa, Me koe ki te horoi ake i te reo matatini, me te kaunuku, e hāngai, kupu ke, me te wā kia rangirua - .. Ko te he kupu nui mo te tūkino uiui.

He he he tikanga ture pera-ka karanga - he huinga o ture, e kua oti te tuhituhi ture. Waiho teie mau parau tumu hanga te puna pepa mōhiohio o te pirau. tikanga hē whakaemi tino e haukoti i uruhi ture, mahi puhoi o tinana kāwanatanga, tangohia atu rawa nui te wā i tangata. He papā o te moni kia rite ki te pirau-tauwehe - te tautohe e kia whakatika, tae atu e tika ana ki te kounga rawakore o taua tuhinga.

tohungatanga Anti-pirau

I roto i te hou Russia, te ture, kia rite ki nei puritia nga mana kawenga anti-pirau tohungatanga. ka haere mai te mehua rite ki te hua o te hātepe whakatūturutanga o te tikanga motuhake Russian Federation United Nations. Tenei huinga o ngā ture tikanga ki te whakatau i te āhua anti-utu me te whānako. Anti-pirau tohungatanga e hiahiatia ana mō te wā anō-aro mātai o mehua whakahaere me mea ture. Tirohia ratou hāngaitanga me te whai huatanga i roto i te whawhai ki kōtītiti uiui.

Ko te hiahiatanga o te tohungatanga anti-pirau i Russia hou i rangahau ariā me te Center mō te rautaki Research Foundation "Indem", puritia i roto i te 2003. Kua tukua tohunga te whakamahara motuhake. Ki reira ka taea e koe te whakatau mehemea te hakari kāwanatanga pirau-āhuatanga. Tauira o ngā tuhinga taua tānga, kua ako te kaituhi i te wheako Western ke.

I roto i Russia, ko nga rangahau tuatahi o tona ahua enei. whakakitea ratou e i roto i te tikanga o te ōhanga mākete tata puta taitamariki whare kāwanatanga i tino haria ki te pirau. A kihai i anake i whakanuia ai rangatira i te pahua, i te hiahia ki te whakarangatira ia ratou hetia. E riro te reira ke ki te amo i taua enei rangatira mahi i roto i Russia. O te akoranga, he wahi katoa ratou, engari i roto i te āhua pai, i reira he huarahi e hatepea atu i tetahi whai wāhitanga mō te utu. kore mana teeki i roto i te Russian Federation ki te hanga i te pūnaha taua kua ano. Otiia ko te reira i roto i timata te waenganui-2000 ki te puta he'inisititiutí anti-pirau tohungatanga, i roto i te awhina heke mai ki te hanga i te whawhai ki te pirau whai hua atu. He kitea kē nga hua o aua hou i teie mahana.

Āhuatanga anti-pirau tohungatanga

Kei te matua Anti-pirau tohungatanga kawea atu i te wā o te whakatamarikitanga o mahi ture ture hou. Na te āwhina ratou ki te tango i te ture hou, he tikanga ranei, kua oti mawheto kē he tuhinga i āputa ture kino. Examination - tetahi o nga ara ki te aukati i te pirau i runga i te par ki te hanga o tuwhera kāwanatanga, kōrero tūmatanui, te whai wāhitanga tūmatanui i roto i te ora tōrangapū o te whenua, tango o ngā tauārai whakahaere ki te mahi. Ko reira whai hua anake i roto i te taha ki nga mehua i runga katoa me ngā.

kawea Anticorruption whakamātautau i roto i te tinana o te tari o te rōia hāmene Russian, me te te Tāhuhu o te Ture. He rerekē ratou tūranga i roto i tenei tukanga. Na te tari ki runga o te kaiwhiu i runga i te pūtake o te mutunga o te whakamātautau, i ngā o te whakaritenga, e e ka hiahiatia ki te kia mahi i. mehua taua - te hiahia mō te ārai ki te whakapai ake i te kounga o te mahi ture normative. I roto i tenei hōputu kia tango tuhinga arowhai e rave rahi whakamātautau. Ka hoki mai ia ki tona tari rite te roa rite, i roto i te whakaaro o te Kaitātari Kaute, e kore e whakatau i nga whakaritenga katoa o te parau tumu anti-pirau.

Te pirau, me te lawmaking

Ko te whakamātautau anti-pirau tuatahi hangaia ki te whakarite i te mehua haumaru tika ki te te tiaki i whanaunga tūmatanui i te puna taea o te pirau. Ka taea e puta te reira i roto i maha ngā wāhi rerekē, me te mahi.

Hei tauira, kōrero ki te tikanga, e kore e ki te whakahua i nga kawana - te kaupapa o te tukanga hanga ture-. E ngohengohe ana ki te mana i waho ratou. āhuatanga tohu i roto i te Pāremata Russian i roto i 2002, ka 80 o nga mema o 179 o te Kaunihera Federation ko te kaipakihi lobbyists o corporations rerekē ranei. I roto i te mau parau te tahi atu, i nga ture katoa mo te mahi, e mau tangata hiahia.

I roto i etahi āhuatanga, te māngai o te kamupene nui taea hoatu ia he painga nui i roto i te mākete ki te whara o whakataetae. Kei te maha arahina taua mahi ki te putanga o motuhake ahumahi. O te akoranga, ko te tauira Lawmaking pirau kino, me te anti-pirau whakamātautau whakaarohia ture tika nga whawhai enei ari tenei.