Tipu pūkaha Nui i roto i Russia

Russia - whenua ahumahi ki te hītori roa o te whanaketanga ahumahi. Fakatatau ki ai, te tākaro he wāhi nui i roto i te ōhanga motu nga tipu mīhini-hanga Russian. te wahi o ngā hua engineering ko te katoa rōrahi o te production ahumahi i roto i te whānuitanga o te 20%. Ko te taumata toharite pai tenei, Heoi, ko te mea e tika ana ki te whakapiki ake i, no te mea i roto i te maha o whenua ahumahi, he tata ki te 40% neke atu rānei tenei ahua.

ahumahi Place i roto i te ahumahi Russian

Russian engineering pūkaha i roto i te hanganga o te ōhanga ā-motu wero te wahi tuatahi ki te ahumahi wahie parawae me tino nui atu rāngai o te ōhanga. I muri tiango o te USSR, tona wahi i roto i te "te tuarā whānui" ki 28% (1990) whakakopa ia ki te 16% (1995), engari ka timata i te ora maheni. Na roto i te timatanga o nga whika rau tau XXI nui haere ki te 19%, me i 2015 - ki te 22%.

I te 2013, ua roaa te wheketere mīhini-hanga Russian $ 190 piriona (6 trillion moni). Tapeke i roto i Russia reira e 19 complexes ahumahi, neke atu i te rau iti-rāngai, me ngā ahumahi takitahi. Ko te engineering whai wāhi i runga i 40,000 pakihi o te rahi katoa me ngā ngā o te mana (2000 o ratou - hunga nui), i te mea kotahi toru o te katoa maha o hinonga ahumahi. 1/3 o te katoa taupori mahi mahi i roto i te ahumahi: neke atu i te 4.5 miriona te iwi (3.5 miriona o ratou - e mahi ana). He maha nui o kaimahi whakatau te faufaa pāpori o te rāngai i roto i te whakarato mahi.

mōhiohio hītori

Iwi i roto i Russia rave i roto i te tukatuka whakarewa mai te wā tukuiho. I roto i te Urals, kitea te whakataunga tawhito te wahi rewa whakarewa, a hanga o reira he momo o ngā hua neke atu i te 6,000 tau ki muri. I roto i te Kievan Rus kē i roto i te rau tau X i reira nga awheawhe nui, hua hua matatini. I roto i te rau tau XII, taukei matou matua tahuri me mīhini mira. Heoi, ka puta mai nga otaota mīhini-whare tuatahi i roto i Russia i te rau tau XVI. i whai pānga ratou ki te take patu, ka whakanohoia i roto i Tula. hāngai Production i runga i ore rino rohe, engari ko te reira numera iti, kongakonga, me te kore-nahanaha.

He huringa hou i roto i te ahumahi puta i raro i Pita ahau, ko wai i he kaupapa expansionist hohe. hiahiatia ana tona ope atu hou patu, kariri me taputapu. Ki te kitea o putunga nui o ore rino i roto i te Urals reira i hanga, me te mīhini-hanga hinonga, te nuinga patu.

locomotives ahumahi

Ko te whanui o te hihinga o ngā hua hangaia arata'i ki te meka e tokomaha o nga otaota mīhini-hanga nui i roto i Russia, he te kaihanga motuhake o etahi hua, i te wa ano i te pukapuka hoko āhua iti i roto i ngā moni. Ki te kamupene Russian nui rawa i roto i te ahumahi wahie, he rite i roto i ngā o te whakatinanatanga o te "AvtoVAZ" AHK "Sukhoi", OJSC "GAZ" rōpū "wai" ko OJSC "KAMAZ" metallurgy me matūngahinu ahumahi.

Ko te maha o te arata'iraa ngā kamupene nuinga automotive (ā engineering iti-rängai ki te wahi teitei i roto i te hanganga o te putanga o ngā hua engineering) me te MIC, me te tapeke o te hanga mīhini-hanga nui (ki te rerekē ā-tau o neke atu i te 5 piriona moni) ko ähua iti.

Holdings ko FPG

Russian engineering pūkaha i roto i nga tau tata nei eke i runga i te ara o te hanganga o te pupuri kamupene me ngā rōpū pūtea-ahumahi (piki). A, no te kite tenei te rite te whanaketanga atu o nga kamupene mīhini-hanga, me te puritia, hanga i roto i nga tau o mua (OMZ, te mana engineering kaporeihana, "Papatono New me Concepts" me etahi atu), me te hanganga o ngā rōpū hou i hanga i runga i te pūtake o te whakapaipai, roaa i roto i te tahi atu ahumahi. Ko te roha tino kitea i roto i ngā kamupene maitai engineering, i hua i te hanganga o automotive kaha FPG "RusPromAvto" me te rōpū o te kamupene pereoo "Severstal". Ka rite ki te hua o tetahi i te torutoru kamupene nui ranei (rōpū) i hanga e i roto i te nuinga o iti-rāngai, e pupuri ana ratou i roto i te tūranga ngoi.

Ko te nui rawa otaota mīhini-hanga i roto i Russia

Ko te rārangi o kamupene ki neke atu i te 12,000 ngā kaimahi, heke e te tikanga (i 120 ki runga ki te maha tatini). Top 10 kamupene i roto i te maha o ngā kaimahi e hāngai ana i runga i te tangata e kua oti huringa whakaari i runga i te tekau tau ka taha. He maha o wheketere mau kaihau, tino kua etahi heke kaimahi. Hei tauira, hoatu tatou he tepu whakatairite o roroa engineering i to ratou tihi me te i ēnei rā.

He rārangi atu taipitopito o te kamupene whakahaere nui i te rohe ko e whai ake.

District Federal Central

I roto i te hauauru, e hāngai Russian nui-tech ahumahi korero (hei tauira, rererangi me te tākirirangi production, ngā pūnaha rangi korero me pu hihiani, waka moana), ahumahi wāhi, manufactures te whānui o engines diesel, taputapu rerewē, mīhini me te taputapu ngā. I roto i te rohe Kaluga reira ko te tautau o te kamupene ke o autos. Na, i te roroa auto motu AZLK me ZIL ngaro hanahana.

• EKR hinonga "Almaz-Antey" (te tapeke maha o ngā kaimahi Group 98,000 iwi). Kei roto te reira i te Moscow Machine-Hanga Plant "Avangard" (te hanga o missiles anti-rererangi), Dolgoprudnenskoe NPP (missiles anti-rererangi), NGO LEMZ (radars), Moscow Radio Engineering Plant (waerehe) me ētahi atu.
• Khrunichev. M. V. Hrunicheva (43500 iwi, Moscow.) - te hinonga ārahi o te ahumahi tākirirangi me wāhi. Whakawhanake me te hua tākirirangi kawe "iraoho", "Angara".
• Moscow Machine-Hanga Plant "Kara o Reipa" me te RAC "mig" (14,500 iwi, Moscow.) - te tuku o whawhai "mig".
• wheketere Car o kamupene ke, "Renault Russia" ( "Avtoframos", 2300 iwi, Moscow.), "PSMA Rus» (PSA Peugeot Citroen me o Mitsubishi, Kaluga rohe.), "Volkswagen Group Rus" (Kaluga rohe.), "Volvo Vostok "(Kaluga rohe.) me etahi atu.
• RSC "Energía" (Korolev) - te tākirirangi me wāhi kamupene ārahi i roto i te ao.
• MIC "NPO Machine Building" (18,000 iwi, Reutov.) - te tākirirangi me te hangarau wāhi.
• MZ "Tiwhi-Podolsk" (4700 tiau.) - te taputapu mō ngā tipu te mana karihi me otaota chp.
• "Wheketere Kolomna" (6400 tiau.) - locomotives, locomotives hiko, taputapu diesel.
• Bryansk Engineering Works (6800 tiau.) - locomotives, kaata.
• "Autodiesel" (Yaroslavl Automobile) - production engines.

Northwest FD

I roto i te St Petersburg me Leningrad rohe kua te nui otaota mīhini-hanga i roto i Russia. noho shipyards Local he tūranga ārahi i roto i te hanga o te marae hōia, me te tivira. I roto i toa kāinga toa rahi nui (200 heketea i roto i te pokapū o te tāone) tu Kirovsky Tractor Plant, te moni matua o nei ko wāhi reti, nui atu i kōtaha tuku production. tatau i muri, he wheketere nui "Ford" i roto i Vsevolozhsk mahi ,. Ko te pa o Severodvinsk, te wahi ratou hanga submarines tetahi pokapū mīhini-hanga o te rohe.

• "Sevmash" (25,000 iwi, Severodvinsk.) - te hanga o mua.
• Shipyards o St Petersburg: "Admiralty Shipyards" (. Te pa tuatahi kamupene o 8,000 iwi) "Paratiki Plant" (. 4000 tiau), "Severnaya Verf" (. 3500 tiau), "Mid-Nevsky" (ca. 1000 iwi ..) .
• taputapu mō te hanga pūngao: te Leningrad Metal Works (i roto i 2017 tohu te tau 160th, hua kapohau), "Electrosila" (generators), "Plants Izhora" (mō te taputapu mana karihi, excavators).
• Autoenterprise Ford, Toyota, Nissan, Hyundai, General Motors, MAN, Scania.
• LOMO (St. Petersburg) - mea whatu.
• Kirov Tractor Plant (8000 tiau.) - te hanga o "Kirovets" tarakihana, ngā taputapu.

Southern FD

Ko te kaha taraiwa matua o te engineering aunoa i te rohe ko te hanga o te taputapu mīhini me te pūngao ahuwhenua. Nui kaiwhakanao motokā me TagAz Volgograd Tractor Plant whakapuakina kaihau.

• kamupene Engineering "Rostselmash" (10,000 iwi, Rostov-i runga i-Don.) - te hanga o ngā kaikokoti "Don" me ētahi atu taputapu ahuwhenua.
• "Kōhua Whero" (4400 Pax, Taganrog.) - te kaiwhakanao nui o taputapu kōhua.
• "ATOMMASH" (Volgodonsk) - he kaiwhakarato ārahi o te taputapu mō ngā tipu te mana karihi me otaota chp.
• ON "parepare" (3300 Pax, Volgograd.) - he kamupene whänuitanga (pū, ngā pūnaha pere hoki tipu te mana karihi, me te hinu, me te hau ahumahi).

District Federal Täingäwai

I roto i te rohe i reira e pai-mohiotia tipu mīhini-hanga i roto i Russia: AvtoVAZ, GAZ, "Tyazhmash", KAMAZ, UAZ, "Kalashnikov" me etahi atu. He whānui Range o ngā hua: i te ahunga (1/4 o te mākete motu) ki te taputapu ahurei mo te ahumahi mana, i AUTOMOBILES ki manureva.

• AvtoVAZ (52,000 tangata, Togliatti.) - te tino nui i roto i te maha o ngā waka hua.
• "Tyazhmash" (7000 Pax, Syzran.) - taputapu mo te ahumahi taimaha.
• wheketere pereoo o te rōpū "mua": Gorky Automobile Plant (taraka iti, me te reo-ohipa, waka hōia, waka pāhihi), "Pavlovsky Bus" (Paz), Ulyanovsk Engine Plant me ētahi atu.
• KAMAZ (Naberezhnye Chelny) - te kaihanga ārahi o taraka kāinga.
• Izhevsk ringa wheketere: "Kalashnikov" (. Mua "Izhmash", 4500 tiau), "IMZ" (7000 tiau.).
• Ko te ahumahi rererangi o Bashkortostan: UMPO (21,000 tangata, Uva.) - engines rererangi, UPPO (Ufa) - Aviapribor, KumAPP (Kumertau) - hanga me te hanga o te waka topatopa "KA" raupapa.
• Perm Group Motors (12000 iwi) -. Pere me rererangi engines.
• MZ (7000 iwi, Perm.) - Weapon.
• UAZ (Ulyanovsk) - SUVs me minivans.
• "Aviastar-SP" (10,000 iwi, Ulyanovsk.) - i te nui whare rererangi whakato (rererangi "TU" tauira, "AN", "IL").

Ural FD

Ural he kahore aituā i huaina te ngakau o te ahumahi o Russia. Wātea o putunga kohuke taonga me te wāhi rautaki nui ka hiahiatanga mō te tuku konei nga hinonga ahumahi nui, e pā ana te nuinga ki te tukatuka o konganuku me te ahumahi korero. Ko te pokapū engineering tino kaha e Yekaterinburg me Nizhniy Tagil.

• "Uralvagonzavod" (27,000 iwi, Nizhny Tagil.) - tetahi o nga flagships o te ahumahi engineering motu. hua te reira i te whānui o ngā hua ngā: i waka utanga ki tāke. I te peka "Uraltransmash" (Ekaterinburg) hua ngā pūnaha puhipuhi whaiaro-tīhokatia me Ruxmaniben.
• "Uralmash" (14,000 tangata, Ekaterinburg.) - he rangatira i roto i te hanga o te kōhao, maina, taputapu metallurgical.
• Zeke (Ekaterinburg) - ngā pūnaha pere anti-rererangi, ratonga waka.
• Chelyabinsk Tractor Plant (13,000 iwi) -. Tarakihana, ara hanga mīhini, engines.
• Motokā Plant "Ural" (13,500 iwi, Miass.) - taraka.
• "Kurgan" (4800 Pax, Kurgan.) - waka hōia (BMP, tarakihana).
• Zlatoust Machine-Hanga Plant - mātauranga waka.

District Federal Siberian

Engineering production arotahi i runga i te ahumahi ārai, rererangi me te taputapu mō ngā mahi maina. E rave rahi hinonga taketake kaihau ranei tata ki reira. Ahumahi i roto i te rohe i roto i te hiahia o te ao hōu me te tautoko.

• kamupene Aerospace: napo. VP Chkalov (6000 iwi, Novosibirsk.) - te hanga o te waka rererangi o "maroke"; "Polyot" (4500 Pax, Omsk.) - Aircraft "He" hangarau āmiorangi "GLONASS" pūnaha, tākirirangi me te wāhi; Ulan-ude Aviation Plant - tetahi o nga kaihanga nui o rererangi: waka topatopa "Mi" me te rererangi "Su"; (6,000 iwi.) Irkutsk Aviation Plant - rererangi "Su", "Yak", "MS", wāhanga hoki Airbus; "Mōhiohio Satellite Systems" (8000 Pax, Zheleznogorsk.) - āmiorangi mō ngā take me ngā pūnaha kōrero.
• "Tyazhstankogidropress" (Novosibirsk) - he kaiwhakanao ārahi o poka waipēhi, taputapu mīhini, papua.
• Radiozavod ratou. A. S. Popova (Omsk) - ngā pūnaha Radio engineering, me te kōrero.
• "Altaivagon" (7000 Pax, Novoaltaysk.) - te tuku o te waka.
• LVRZ Engineering Enterprise (6000 iwi, Ulan-ude.) - te hanga me te hanga o locomotives me tereina.

Tawhiti District Federal Eastern

Vauvauhia e te hinonga nui takitahi:

• KnAAZ ratou. Gagarin (13,500 tangata, Komsomolsk-i runga i-Amur.) - te rererangi ārahi o te whenua. Wātea i roto i te hōia (whānau "Su", "PAK FA"), me te haukāinga, (Sukhoi Superjet) rererangi, wāhanga hoki "Boeing".
• Enterprises o te pahi me te kaipuke hanga: wāhi hanga Amur (Komsomolsk-i runga i-Amur) - hua i mua submarines karihi inaianei hōia, me te marae haukāinga,; "Dalzavod" (Vladivostok); Moana Factory (Nakhodka), Nakhodka wāhi hanga.

mutunga

Kei te haere engineering Russian i roto i ngā wā pakeke. Ahakoa te pūmanawa ahumahi kaua kaha, te nuinga o nga flagships o production iti, he tokomaha whakautu ora. Ko te ahumahi i roto i te hiahia kia päpähotia o whakahou, ao hou o te mīhini me te taputapu, he huarahi hou ki te whakahaere. Na, ko te hanga o pakihi nui-mahi hou, te nuinga iti me te reo-rahi. ka matou he otaota hau tuarua mo te hanga o ngā hua hōia. Whakaaturia nui moni i roto i hoa ke, rawa automakers. A, no te taea te hanga i te takoha nui nui ki ōhanga te whenua o te tautoko matatini o te kāwanatanga, me te tūmataiti hinonga engineering.