"Tochka-U" (tāutanga): āhuatanga, kino pūtoro, whakaahua

i tohua Mid-60raa e te tōnuitanga tūturu i roto i te tākirirangi, pere, me te maha kua whakatinana ara i roto i aua wāhi e kua tuku iho kua nohoia e te puhipuhi ngongo tikanga. Ngā whakanuia i roto i tenei mara Nikita Sergeevich Hruschev. Heoi, i reira i roto i tenei auaha me tona taha kanapa. Hei tauira, i roto i tenei wā kua whakatakotoria te Soviet Union he pūtake pūtaiao totoka mo te whanaketanga o te maha nui o missiles.

Ki aua āwangawanga, me "Tochka-U": he nui pai ki o ratou ritenga ke katoa tēnei tautuhinga (me i te tuatahi i reira i te katoa i tetahi). Mō te hītori o te patu whakaahua tatou i teie nei.

TAKENGA o TE

Huri noa te waenganui o te 60 o tīmataria te Tari o Defence te mahi i runga i te kaupapa tino hou ballistic iti whānui o te pūnaha. e kore hoki te wa tuatahi i roto i te aamu o te Russian bet patu matatini i hanga i runga i te kaha o te warhead, me tākirirangi tika. mua katoa mahi hoahoa he tino mārama i whakaaturia, e kia riro tenei huarahi lahi i roto i te hou, te huri te ao. I roto i ngā, i reira ka taea ki te tono aro fakamamahi ki rohe kino, kahore horahanga i te takiwā o karukaru katoa.

tiaki whanaketanga o e pā ana ki ICD "rama". kihai i i te wahanga te mahi: ka mau te pūtake o te matatini te tākirirangi M-11 "Storm", i whakapumautia tuatahi anake i runga i nga kaipuke. Ko te hua tuatahi ko te huinga o "Hawk". I riro te reira e ka whakamahia reira pūnaha arata'iraa irirangi-hiko. Mämä noa iho, i roto i tenei take, e whai ki "arahi" te tākirirangi atu te whenua, whakatikatika tonu tona tika rere.

i riro te reira i te "Point" kaupapa i roto i te 1965, "Hawk". mahue ngā wāhanga pere i tonu, engari tino waihanga nga Engineers te pūnaha arata'iraa. Na, whakarerea tino ratou te ara iahiko hiko, e whakaarohia ana te whakamahi o te kē inertial ngā ohie. I pai te tamata ia, ka whakamatauria i runga i te maha o missiles Soviet mua. Ko ko tenei - e kore "Tochka-U". Tāutatanga ko rawa he ara uaua o te whanaketanga, kia rite ki nga ngā e puta tonu tauārai hangarau hou.

mahi anō

kihai i nga kaupapa "rama" katoa haere i runga i tuhi me huahua. Tata ki te katoa whanaketanga i roto i te 1966 i whakawhitia ki a Kolomenskoye hoahoa bureaus, a ko kotahi te kaupapa i roto i te tiaki o SP Invincible. Heoi, tino whakaae Kolomna Engineers ki nga whakaaro o ana hoa i te "rama": pono, te pai e kia te pūnaha arata'iraa inertial. I roto i te tika kia tuhia te reira e i roto i te heke mai, kua tino waihanga te kaupapa. I roto i te meka, kua mau i te ingoa anake e ia - "Tochka-U". Kua Kua nuinga ake Tāuta, heke te utu o tona hanganga.

I roto i te whānui, tīmata te wā hohe o mahi anake i roto i te 1968. Tenei wa tautoko te kaupapa e pā ana ki 120 o te hinonga pūtaiao, me te hangarau tino ngā, i hanga nei e "Tochka-U". Tenei huarahi fakahā e taua e hiahiatia ana ki te waihanga i te tākirirangi kore anake rite wawe tonu, engari ano hoki te tahuhu mīhini, me te taputapu mō te tīmata me te maha nui o hiko "hau." koha nui i hanga e te Volgograd "parepare", hanga i te wahanga Pūwhakarewa, me te pereoo tipu i roto i Bryansk, te whakaurunga o e kua hangaia, ka hanga i nga mea timatanga katoa o te tahuhu hou.

Mahi i runga i te Pūwhakarewa

Ko te tikanga, i kite tuatahi i kotahi e rua putanga o te Pūwhakarewa, e pai kia whakarewa pere ballistic "Tochka-U". Ko te tuatahi o ratou i hanga e te Engineers i Kolomna, engari i whakamahia ai anake i runga i ngā whakamātautau whenua. I roto i te ngā, te reira te tenei Pūwhakarewa i faaitehia i roto i ngā whakamātautau i roto i te 1971, ka mau wahi i roto i Kapustin Yar. Tata tonu ahau timata ki te tākaro i te hoahoa wāhi nui, i whakawhanakehia e te tipu "parepare".

āhuatanga Main wahi pere

I roto i te 1973, i te tipu Votkinsk i Udmurtia timata huihui missiles. Na ka tīmata te wāhanga tuatahi o whakamātautau kāwanatanga, nga hua o nei i tangohia e te "Tochka-U". Tāutanga i roto i te ope te mohiotia atu nuitia i raro i te 9K79 ti'araa.

Ko te pūtake o te matatini katoa - he kotahi-wā tākirirangi 9M79 wahie mārō. Ko te roa tapeke o te pa 6.4 mita diameter ko 650 mm. Hoki faatanoraa akoranga mātiti fin whakamahia i roto i te ara nui i roto i te 1350-1400 mm. Tīmata ki te tākirirangi whawhai taimaha e pā ana ki e rua taranata, o nei i tika taranata i te iti rawa kia kotahi me te hawhe ki te wahi pere. Ko te toe 482 Ng roherohea i waenganui i te tiaki taikaha me te pūnaha mana hiko.

meinga maha fifi te tunu matau o totoka wahie tākirirangi, i te mea te kawenga mō te whakatere o te tākirirangi me roropi reira ki te whāinga. I roto i te mutunga, faaoti matou i runga i te hanganga, i ngā rapa, konumohe paura, me te he wahi nui o te haukinia perchlorate. tahuna atu supply o wahie mo e pā ana ki 18-28 hēkona. Rocket riro torohaki inertial, i te mea ranea mo te roanga rere o 235 hēkona. No te mea o tenei pūnaha pere "Point-U" tahuri ngā cheap, rite whakamahia i roto i te hanganga o te nui iti o wahie, me te taikaha.

Ngā āhuatanga o te pūnaha arata'iraa

Ko te matatini ko te maha nui o taputapu hiko, me te pūkaha, te kawenga mō te arata'iraa i runga i te pukupuku: whakahau me mea gyroscopic, akoranga rorohiko orotahi, he rota o pūoko tere , me ētahi atu te pūtake o te pūnaha, ko te whakahau me te gyroscopic pūrere 9B64 waitohu ... Ko ia te kawenga mō te stabilization o te tūāpapa i roto i te rere. I roto i te whānui, ngā te matatini pere "Tochka-U" te patua tītere te ūnga i te tawhiti o te 50 kiromita me te purara o kore ake atu i te 30-40 mita kua runga i te whakamātautau, i i taua wa taha i runga i te fantastic.

I ngā pūrere katoa raraunga whakahaere tuku ki te rorohiko 9B65, i te kawenga mō te whakapanga aunoa o te akoranga rere. I meatia tenei tino noa, te pūrere whakataurite te mōhiohio riro ki te taumata e kua whakaurua ki roto i te reira i whakaoho, me, te mea e tika ana, te whakatika i te rere. Ka rite ki whakahuatia matou, i meatia tenei e te tikanga o papa mana whakakahokaho, kei i te mutunga o te tītere. Ki te i te wa o te nui ako o te wahie tahuna e kore kua i tono rite papa mana hau-hihiri, te whakamahi i te pūngao i tohaina ki te hanganga hau tahu.

Ko te hoki tenei pūnaha pere "Tochka-U" tino rerekē i te torutoru o ona analogues ke i roto i nei i uaua ake maha nga wa i te pūnaha mana, me te akoranga ako.

Ētahi atu rongoā hangarau

Mai kua hono te whäriki te whawhai, me te nekehanga o te matatini puta noa i te rere, e arotahi ana Engineers i runga i te whanaketanga o te pūnaha ako i timata ki te mahi tika ki te huarahi ki te ūnga. I tenei wā, e hiahiatia ana te pūoko gyro i ki mau tonu te anga i te koki o 80 ° ki te raina pae. I roto i te whānui, pere ballistic "Tochka-U", i roto i te noa'tu o tona tapatahi whanaunga me cheapness, e whakaatu ana hua pai i roto i ngā o te tika.

kawea raraunga tomo i runga i te wāhi o te ūnga i roto i mua i ara i te tākirirangi ki te tūranga tika i runga i te Pūwhakarewa. Kei te tatau aunoa taputapu Mana me te inverter "hauhauhā" ka hanga e te misioni rere, i muri nei i whakawhitia ai tākirirangi.

Tino ngā Ko te ara ki te tirohia i te pūnaha stabilization gyroscopic, i whakamahia te pere ballistic "Tochka-U". I roto i ngā, i tona hoahoa he poro polyhedral motuhake honoa ki te akoranga pūnaha āhukahuka whatu. Ko te tinana tākirirangi he matapihi iti o te marama e taka ki runga ki tenei matarau me tika kitea i roto i te taputapu whakamātautau.

Mahi i runga i te hanganga o te tahuhu whaiaro-tīhokatia

I roto i te wā tuatahi, i whakapono Engineers e ka hanga te tahuhu ki runga ki te pūtake o te tahi mau mīhini, whakawhanakehia i te tipu Kharkov. Heoi, i muri i te whakatairite i te āhuatanga o te tauira katoa i whakaarohia manakohanga homai tauira hanga i Bryansk pereoo whakato. I runga i te pūtake o te tere mīhini tahuhu 9P129 i hanga ai. Oddly nui, engari rite ki te tuhinga o te mahi i runga i te kaupapa "Matatini" Tochka-U "" te mātakitaki e te Volgograd tipu "parepare". Same launchers paerewa, me te maha atu āhuatanga nui o te tahuhu te tikanga hua Petropavlovsk Plant.

āhuatanga Hangarau o te tahuhu

rite rawa te mīhini kei te ki te engine diesel, e whakawhanake te mana o 300 horsepower. taea te pūkaha kaha te rite ki te whakarewa i te tāutanga o te haere huarahi ka kīia e ki runga, ki te 60 km / h. Off-ara iti tere o te kaupapa ki runga ki te 10-15 km / h. I roto i te kaupapa o te hiahia mo te matatini "Tochka-U" i raro i tona mana ake i hinga mau fifi wai, i te whakawhanake tere o te 10 km / h. Mai kore e nui ake te tapeke taimaha o te tahuhu 18 tana, e taea te kawea reira e te tikanga o te rererangi waka tata hōia katoa.

hoki pere kokoru ko reira tino he taketake mahi ana. Ko te kupu, i roto i te wahi he mārōrō, i eke ai casing tuuraa totoka e humarie tiakina pānga warhead tītere i pāmahana rawa tiketike iti ranei. Ko te atu nui "Tochka-U"? Āhuatanga prestart mārama te wehe i te reira taka i te tahi atu pūnaha pere katoa no o te tapatahi, me te tere o ngā mahi katoa.

Kia rite mō te whakamahi whawhai, i mua te whakaaetanga-

Ko te ōwehenga mō te faaineineraa mo te whakarewanga o te akoranga titau hihiko whawhai tonu i roto i te 20 meneti mōrahi. I roto i tenei take pau hea te raiona o o te wā ki runga i te reira, ki te whakarite pūmautanga mōrahi o te tahuhu. i whakamana atu ngā tukanga katoa e tātai whakangungua maha nga wa tere. Ko te kupu, anake te tāutanga o "Tochka-U" (whakaahua e wātea ana i roto i te tuhinga) ko te wero tūturu.

Hei tuku whakahau ki te pūnaha mana ko mo'oni o hēkona te tokorua i mahue, ara te Pūwhakarewa i roto i te tūnga poutū ka mau atu rite 15 hēkona, a ka kotahi ko reira taea ki te hanga i te whakarewatanga. launchers tairanga rakau taea tae 78 °. Ko te kupu, he matatini o "Point-ki-Y" Ko te patu pāharakeke, te whakamahinga o nei pau te iti iho i te rua meneti i raro i ngā āhuatanga pai.

I roto i te arata'iraa rererangi mīhini whakapae tukua ki te tahuri i runga i te Pūwhakarewa 15 ° whanaunga matau, me te maui ki te tuaka pokapū o te waka nekeneke. A, no te pihinga i te whānuitanga mōrahi o 70 kiromita rere te pere tenei tawhiti i roto i o meneti noa te tokorua. I roto i tenei wa mahara te Pūwhakarewa "Tochka-U" i ki kia whakawhitia ki te tūranga whakatakotoria, ka timata i te withdrawal i te tūranga "rauhanga". ka mau Recharging o te matatini ake e pā ana ki 19-20 meneti.

Transport me te utanga waka

He aha atu he wāhanga o te matatini "Tochka-U"? Āhuatanga o ona missiles, ki te kahore i wareware koe, kōrero te taimaha o rua taranata tītere. Na e kore e taea ki te mahi i waho mihini waka-tohutohutia, i hanga i runga i te tahuhu Hapaha-5922. Tona tinana e wāhi mo te rua missiles, warheads i katia mātao. mahi Tāuta te anga i runga i te huapae e taraka warou, i te mea wahi o te 9T128 hoahoa.

I roto i te parau tumu, e taea te rongoa nga missiles wa āhua roa i roto i te waka, me te utanga waka, engari nui pai ki te whakamahi i mo tenei whakaaro he ipu whakarewa i āta hangaia. He aha te mea te take? Ki te i rongoa i te "Tochka-U" (whakaahua o e toutou puta i roto i te tuhinga) i roto i ngā āhuatanga tano ore, e taea rere ki hea te pere, engari e kore e roto i te ūnga.

Hei Tāuta kawea ki runga i tawhiti, te whakamahi i mihini motuhake 9T222, 9T238 ranei, e he tarakihana tata paerewa. I tetahi taua motokā e taea te kawe e rua ngā / missiles ranei wha warheads. No mea pehea pai "Tochka-U", kua riro ona āhuatanga i runga i te wā piki mārika i tupuheke. O te akoranga, ka anga mahi i runga i te ao hou, o te taputapu.

Whakarerekētanga me te ao hou,

"Point-P" te hua o te mahi i hoatu ki mahi i roto i 1983 te matatini. Fele, he rerekē noa i roto i te ara hou te pere arata'iraa ki te ūnga te pūnaha tawhito. More ïa, haere hoki ki te whakaaro o te pūnaha hihiani arata'iraa nga kaihoahoa. Ka taea e te matatini hou hopu aunoa i te ūnga i te tawhiti o te 15 kiromita, a ka haere ratou i roto i te akoranga o tikanga mana paerewa riro i te tawhito "ngā." Heoi, kia pai te whakamahi i te tautuhinga hou te whānuitanga ki tonu o nga missiles i i tukua i roto i te tau o mua.

Mai 1984, tīmata ia he a tawhio hou o te mahi, pera ara te tautuhinga āhuatanga "Tochka-U" o te whakatupuranga hou e kore e makona rawa te hōia. ka mau nga whakamātautau wahi kua i roto i te 1986. E toru nga tau i muri mai, i tangohia te matatini whakahoutia, ka timata tona production rangatū. Ka rite ki i roto i te take o mua, i tika i nga huringa matua wahi o te patu. Ka rite ki te hua, te papatipu o "ngā" nui haere e āhua 250 kirokaramu.

Otiia e kore e anake āhuatanga tenei e te tāutanga hou "Tochka-U". Kua hoki i nui haere te pūtoro o te whakangaromanga. Ko te pere hou i te taimaha kotahi ton totoka-engine. Na nui haere tonu ngā Flight ki 120 kiromita, e te whakaaetia hoki ki te whakawhanake i karihi kōwhiringa anga.

putanga New o missiles ballistic

I mua i te ao hou, o te wae whawhai ka momo hou. I roto i te whānui, ki te rā, i reira ko nga momo e whai ake nei o te matā mo te "Piro":

• 9M79. Tenei tauira tākirirangi - te tuatahi, puta tahi ai ki te tāutanga.

• 9M79M. He whakatinanatanga tuatahi o te ao hōu. I roto i tenei take, rawa tino ke te hangarau o te hanga. I tua atu, tino hototahi ki te pūnaha hou o te aronga aunoa kua whakaratohia. Ko te pere ake he taupū 9M79R.

• 9M79-1. Anga ki te taua ingoa he whānuitanga tino atu.

• 9M79-Āhua. Tenei whakangungu pere whawhai kata, e whakamahia nei mō ngā kauhoe whakangungu. I roto i te ahua e tata maitai tā ratou ratou whawhai "tupuna."

Ngā momo o wae whawhai

No iti kanorau he tika warheads pere ratou. Tenei tapaea tatou te tino noa.

• 9H123. momo wāwāhi tītere High-taikaha. oti te whanaketanga i roto i te mutunga o nga 60raa '. He tata 163 manokaramu o pahū, me 14.5 mano. whatiwhatinga Semi tōna hoahoa. Ka taea e ratou hipokina te rohe o toru heketea. Me kï reira e whakaputaina te hoahoa i te maha nui o tātaitanga, nga hua o nei Kei TNT papatipu te i te koki ki te tuaka pokapū o te tākirirangi, he aha whakarato te tohatoha tino ōrite o taimaha i runga i te wehewehenga rohe.

Ko reira hoki tenei pere "Tochka-U" kinongia i roto i te taiao hoia. Ko te hinga o te hōpuni ka whakamahia tata ki te 100%. Huna i te āhuatanga e totohu taimaha anake e taea e i roto i te rerenga tino pai.

• 9H123K. He aha te mea faahiahia tenei pere "Tochka-U"? He tino ohie Āhuatanga o ia: he otaota anga rīpene ki 50 submunitions. Ia o ratou - ko reira he motuhake anga iti kotahi 7.5 kg, a ka mau kirokaramu te hawhe te tiaki taikaha. Etahi "pohu" whatiwhatinga whakamararatia o āhua 316, engari e tika ana ki to ratou horapa i te teitei o e pā ana ki e rua kiromita hipokina ratou i te wa ki runga, ki te whitu heketea. Hei horahia atu whakanoho rīpene puta, ratou hinga ähuareka e rīpene parachutes.
• warheads Nuclear, ki te 9N39 taupū. Power - he mīharo 10 kilotons. Ko reira te mea ano hoki he 9N64 tauira, te mana o te mea kua 100-200 (rite ki puna rerekē) kilotons. nga missiles katoa i i tukua ki warheads karihi, i tohua e te pukapuka "B". Hoki te wa katoa o oraraa o te matatini kihai i whakamahia noa kotahi.

Ko tenei he aha te āhuatanga te matatini pere "Tochka-U". Photos e te hunga i roto i te rahinga tika aroaro i roto i tenei tuhinga ka tukua ki a koe te hanga i tou whakaaturanga o reira.