Ukraine: hītori o tupu. O te whenua i roto i Ukraine: hītori

rohe o Ukraine nohoia e te iwi kua i te iti rawa 44,000 tau. Pontic-Kapiana steppe ko te scene o ngā kōrero o mua o te parahi Age. Here i reira ko te hekenga o nga iwi Indo-Pākehā. I roto i te taua Moana Black me te Kapiana steppes whakararatatia iwi te hoiho.

I muri mai, i roto i te Crimea me te Dnieper noho kau Site me Sarmatians. I te pae hopea, i nohoia e Silaví enei whenua. whakaturia ratou te āhua wharekarakia o Kievan Rus ', i nofo i te rau tau XII. Na roto i te waenganui o te rau tau XIV, nga whenua Iukereiniana nāianei i kingi e ope e toru: te Golden Horde, te Duchy Grand o Lithuania me te Basileia Polish. I muri mai, wehea te rohe i mana pērā i Krymskoe Hanstvo, Rzeczpospolita, te Russian Empire me Austria-Hungary.

I roto i te rau tau XX reira ko te Ukraine motuhake. haamata te aamu o te putanga o te whenua ki te nganatanga ki te waihanga i te UPR me ZUNR States. Na ka hoki kua hanga i reira te Ukrainian SSR o te Soviet Union. I te pae hopea, karangatia te rangatiratanga o Ukraine, whakapumautia e te tāpaetanga, ka mohio e te hapori o te ao i roto i te tau 1991.

Ko te hītori tawhito o Ukraine

ngā whaipara tangata tohu e noho Neanderthals i te rohe Moana Black raki rite wawe rite 43-45 mano tau BC. I roto i Crimea, kitea tūemi no kromanoltsam. E tuhia ratou 32 mano nga tau BC.

I te mutunga o te Neolithic i te whenua Ukrainian reira Trypillian ahurea. Ko tōna tihi tae te reira i roto i te 4500-3000 tau BC.

Ki te taeraa mai o te Iron Age roto i nga steppes o te Northern Moana Black haere iwi Dacian - nga tupuna o Romanians hou. Na iwi hikihiki (Cimmerians, Site ko Sarmatians) nohoia te whenua o Ukraine. mohiotia te hītori o enei iwi e hoki wāhi whaipara e kore anake, engari ano hoki i ngā pūtake tuhituhi. Mō Site whakahuatia e Herodotus i ana i tuhituhi ai. whakaturia Kariki ratou koroni i roto i te Crimea i te BC VI rau.

Na, i runga i te rohe o Ukraine ka haere mai nga Goths me nga mua. Tenei tupu i roto i te III-V senituli AD. I roto i te rima o te rau tau i reira nga iwi Slavic.

I roto i te rau tau VII i roto i te steppes Iukereiniana reira he āhua o te mua. Otiia hohoro hinga reira motu, ka i whenumi e nga Khazars. Tenei iwi hikihiki i Central Asia, whakaturia te whenua, i ngā rohe nui - Te Hau-ā-uru Kazakhstan, te Caucasus, te Crimea, te koraha Don me rāwhiti Ukraine. Ko te hītori o te putanga me te whaihua o te Khazar Khanate te tata hono ki te tukanga o te hanganga o te tufaa o te Silaví rawhiti. Kei te mohiotia te reira e ko te taitara o Kagan rangatira Kievan tuatahi.

Kievan Rus

Ko te hītori o Ukraine rite te kāwanatanga, kia rite ki kairangahau maha, timata i roto i te tau 882. Ko te, i te hinga Kiev e Prince Oleg Khazars a ka te pokapū o te rohe nui o te whenua. I roto i te āhua kotahi i United whakawātea drevlyans, Ulichi, White Croats me ētahi atu iwi Slavic. Oleg ia, kia rite ki te ariā historiography tino ko manene.

I roto i te rau tau XI ka Kievan Rus te nui rawa i roto i te rohe o te kāwanatanga o Europe. I roto i te puna ki te hauauru o te wa i tino maha tāutuhia reira whenua rite Ruthenia. I whakahuatia tuatahi te ingoa o Ukraine i tuhinga o te rau tau XII. Te auraa ra, "mata", "whenua".

I roto i te rau tau XVI, te mahere tuatahi o Ukraine reira. I reira i raro i tenei ingoa e whakaritea whenua Kiev, Chernigov ko Pereyaslavl.

Ko te whakatamarikitanga o Karaitiana, me te kuru Russia

Kua puta nga kau muimui wawe o te Karaiti i roto i Crimea i te iti rawa i roto i te rau tau IV. ka Karaitiana te haapa'oraa mōhiohio o Kievan Rus i 988, i te kaupapa Vladimira Velikogo. I iriiria te rangatira tuatahi o te kāwanatanga i tona kuia, Princess Olga.

I roto i te kingitanga o Yaroslava Mudrogo i whakaaetia huinga o ture, e mohiotia ana ko te "Russian Truth". Ko te wa o te kaha rawa tōrangapū o te kāwanatanga Kievan. I muri puta te mate Jaroslav kuru ki kowhiria motuhake Rus, maha taupatupatu ki tetahi ki tetahi rangatiratanga.

tamata Vladimir Monomakh ki whakahauora i te āhua centralized, engari i roto i te rau tau XII Russia hopea saietí. ka Kiev ko Galicia-Volyn kawanatanga aua rohe, e muri puta Ukraine. haamata te hītori o te takanga o Russia ki te ara o te pa o Suzdal, i ko te pokapū tōrangapū, me te ahurea o te whenua Russian-raki rawhiti. I muri mai, ka te whakapaipai o enei rohe Moscow. I roto i te raki o te rangatiratanga, o Polotsk ko te pokapū a tawhio noa i hanga e te iwi Belarusian.

I roto i te 1240, i panaia Kiev i te Mongols me te roa ngaro tetahi mana tōrangapū.

Galicia-Volhynia

Ko te hītori o takanga o te kāwanatanga o Ukraine, rite ki etahi pūtaiao, haamata i roto i te rau tau XII. I taua wa, ka rite ki te hinga rangatiratanga raki i raro i te mana o te Horde Golden i roto i te uru e rua āhua Russian motuhake me tona whakapaipai i roto i Galich me Lodomir (inaianei Vladimir-Volyn). I muri i hanga ratou hononga Galicia-Volhynia. I te tihi o tona kaha, ngā reira Wallachia ko Bessarabia ka i te uru ki te Moana Black.

I roto i te 1245, karaunatia Pope Innocent IV Prince Daniil Galitsky ka homai ia i te taitara o Kingi o Russia katoa. I taua wa arahina he whawhai uaua ki te Mongols te rangatiratanga. I muri i te matenga o Daniila Galitskogo i 1264 i muri ia e tana tama Leo, e oho te whakapaipai ki te pa o Lviv. Rerekē tona papa, e tū i te pere tōrangapū pro-Western, ka haere ia ki runga ki ki te mahi ki nga Mongols, i roto i ngā, i hanga e ia he kawenata ki a Nogai Khan. Fakataha ki tona Tatar uku o Leo whakaekea Poland. I roto i te 1280, patua ana e ia nga a Hungali ka tangohia ana wahi o Transcarpathia.

I muri i te matenga o Leo timata ahiahi Galicia-Volyn rangatiratanga. I roto i 1323 i roto i te whawhai ki nga Mongols patua nga māngai whakamutunga o tenei peka o te Rurik. I muri i taua, ka haere Volyn raro i te mana o nga rangatira Lithuanian hinga Gedeminovichey ko Galicia i raro i te ture o te Polish Karauna.

Rzeczpospolita

I muri i te Union o Lublin ka whenua Ruthenian wahi o te rangatiratanga o Poland. I roto i tenei wā, kua haukotia te hītori o Ukraine rite te kāwanatanga, engari ko reira i tenei wa i hanga te iwi Ukrainian. āta, ngā whakahēnga i waenganui i Polish Katolika ko Siu Rusyns hua i roto i te raruraru iwi.

Cossacks

i hiahia i roto i te parururaa i to ratou rohe rāwhiti o te Ottoman Empire me ona apa amo. Hoki enei take, kua pai ngā waka reira mua. e kore ratou whakaata anake nga marau o khans Crimean, engari uru ano hoki i roto i nga pakanga o te Commonwealth ki te kingitanga Moscow.

Ahakoa o te Cossacks Kaiaka Military, kihai rangatira Polish ki te whakarato ratou i roto i te mana motuhake nui iti, e ngana ana hei utu ki te tahuri te nuinga o te taupori Iukereiniana i roto i te pa. arahina tenei ki pakanga me nga whakaoho.

Nāwai, i roto i te 1648 ka anga reira te whawhai whakaoranga arahina e Bohdan Khmelnytsky. History o te Ukraine tomo te wāhanga hou. Hua i te āhua Hetman whakatikanga ake i karapotia e te ope e toru: te Ottoman Empire, te Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth me Muscovy. He wā o te pōhēhē a tōrangapū.

I roto i te 1654 ka tomo Zaporozhye Cossacks ki te kawenata ki te tsar Moscow. tamata Poland ki te toe mana o te whenua ngaro i te takiuru ki kirimana Hetman Ivanom Vygovskim. Ko te hua o tenei i roto i te pakanga i waenganui i te Commonwealth me Muscovy. mutu te reira ki te kirimana haina Andrusovo i raro nei Hetman haere Moscow.

I raro i te ture o te Russian Empire me Austria-Hungary

I āhuatanga te hītori o muri o Ukraine, i wehea i waenganui i te whenua e rua nei rohe, i te ara o te mahara motu i roto i ngā kaituhi me pūkenga.

I roto i tenei wā te Russian Empire hopea wawahi te Krymskoe Hanstvo me tango i runga i tona rohe. puta hoki e toru ngā wāhanga o Poland. Ka rite ki te hua, te nuinga o ona whenua, kapi ai e Ukrainians, ko te wahi o Russia. neke Galicia ki te Hiha Austria.

He maha Russian kaituhi, toi me statesmen o rau XVIII-XIX i pakiaka Ukrainian. I roto i te rongonui tino - Nikolai Gogol me Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky. I roto i tata te whiriwhiri katoa, pērā Russia, ko reira i roto i Galicia i te Austrians me amo, a ko Ruthenians te nuinga peasants.

whakaoranga motu

I roto i te rau tau XIX i roto i Eastern Europe timata te tukanga o te whakaoranga ahurea o te iwi nei i raro i te mana o hau emepera nui - te Austria, Russian, me te Ottoman. e kore ahau e noho peka i enei ngā me Ukraine. Ko te hītori o te putanga o te kaupapa mō te motuhake motu haamata i roto i 1846 ki te taketake o te St. Cyril me Methodius Brotherhood. Mema o tenei whakahaere i tae atu pehe Taras Shevchenko. I muri mai, te rōpū pāpori-manapori me te pāhoro, pro-mana motuhake o te whenua Ukrainian.

Huri noa te wa taua, i te 1848, i roto i Lviv timata tona mahi "Supreme Ruthenian Kaunihera" - te whakahaere tōrangapū tuatahi o Western Ukrainians. Ahakoa te nuinga Russophile me whakaaro pro-Russian i roto i te intelligentsia Galician.

Ko te kupu, ko te hītori o Ukraine i roto i ona rohe reira tīmata ki te whanau o ngā rōpū hāngai motu i roto i te waenganui o te rau tau XIX. hanga e ratou i te Māoritanga o te kāwanatanga kotahi heke mai.

Te Pakanga o te Ao Tuatahi, me te tiango o hau emepera

I timata i roto i te 1914, kua arahina te pakanga patu ki te hinga o te monarchies nui i roto i Europe. Ko te iwi hoki tenetere maha noho i raro i te ture o nga hau emepera kaha, i te whai wāhi ki te whakatau i to ratou ake whakarau.

Whiringa 20, i whakapumautia 1917 Ukrainian People o Republic. He January 25, 1918 whakaaturia tona motuhake tonu i Russia. A iti i muri mai, ka whawhati ia ake te Austro-Hungarian Empire. Ka rite ki te hua, Noema 13, i kauwhautia 1918 Te Hau-ā-uru Ukrainian People o Republic. January 22, 1919 tū he huinga o te UPR, a ZUNR. Heoi, ko te hītori o te takanga o te kāwanatanga o Ukraine tawhiti i oti. Ko te mana hou i roto i te waenganui o te kiri tangata, me te ka te whawhai Soviet-Polish, me rite ki te hua ngaro tona motuhake.

SSR

I te tau 1922 ka hanga ai te Ukrainian Soviet pāpori Republic, i meinga wahi o te USSR. Mai te whakataki, me te aroaro o hinga te Soviet Union, kī reira te rua i roto i nga lepupilika o te mana ōhanga me te mana tōrangapū.

Kua Map o Ukraine i roto i tenei wā kua puta ke e rave rahi taime. I te 1939 ka hoki mai ia ki Galicia me Volyn. I roto i te 1940 - te tahi mau wāhi i mua no ki Romania, a i roto i te 1945 - Transcarpathia. I te pae hopea, i roto i te tau 1954 i roto i Ukraine i te mapi reira Crimea. I te tahi atu te ringa, i whakawhitia Shahtinskii me Taganrog rohe i roto i te 1924 i roto i Russia, a i roto i te tau 1940 ka haere atu te Mōtāwhiana SSR Transdniestria.

I muri te Pakanga II o te Ao ka Ukrainian SSR tetahi o nga whenua taketake UN. E ai ki nga hua o te tatauranga 1989, moni te taupori o te käwanatanga ki meimei 52 miriona te iwi.

motuhake

Ki te tiango o te Soviet Union i 1991, ka Ukraine he āhua motuhake. I mua tenei i te ara o te mana'oo tāmau whenua. January 21, 1990, ua faanahonaho e toru rau mano Ukrainians he mekameka tangata i Kiev ki Lviv i te tautoko o te rangatiratanga. I hāngai ratou rōpū ki te tūranga motu-tāmau whenua. ka Ukraine te whai ture o te USSR ko Republic nga tangata o Ukrainian. Te kāwanatanga UNR i whakarau mana whakawhiti ana mana ki te peresideni tuatahi Leonid Kravchuk.

Ka rite ki a koutou e taea te kite, kua ki tonu te hītori o Ukraine i nga wa onamata ki whakaora nui, parekura faaau ore, rave rahi rangatira, whakamataku, me te ātahu kōrero.