Wāhi Tohutoro - he aha te mea te reira? He aha e nga ngā tohutoro i roto i te hanga, ruri, pakihi pūtaiao ranei?

I te tahi taime, ngā ariā motuhake pūtaiao ranei atu whakamahia i roto i ngā wāhi e kore e pā ana ki te taketake. tupu tenei ki te wā anga kōpiko "ira tohutoro." Na roto i te tatararaa, te anga anga kōpiko - he tohu ranei e faka'ilonga piri ki te wāhi ngā i runga i te mata o te whenua. E tatau taunga me teitei o tenei wāhi ki te whakapai kanohi ki te uara whakaōritenga-mohiotia, ka whakaaetia.

pūnaha tiketike mara te

I roto i te Russia me etahi whenua o te USSR mua, whakaaro he kore tohu mo te taumata tohutoro mata ko te tai mehua Kronstadt. tohua ngā āpure katoa i runga i te mahere o enei whenua tohu geodetic tātai i runga i whāngai i roto i 1977, te pūnaha Baltic o tiketike. I roto i te Far Te Tai Rāwhiti, kei te hanga nga tātai i runga i nga wahi tiketike o te pūnaha Okhotsk. Tika ko iti iho i te kotahi mita ona āhua BSV.

Dipstick - he whatanga ki wehenga ki te whakatau i te taumata wai i roto i te awa atu tinana o te wai ranei. I te tahi taime tāuta tūturu dipstick rite ngā tohutoro me ngā tohutoro i roto i te ruritanga, pūtaiao whakamahia hoki te mātakitaki huringa i roto i te taumata o te wai i roto i nga moana, i nga nekehanga o te ngā whenua me te mata poutū.

Mō Kronstadt tai mehua, me te whakatau i te taumata o te moana

I te tīmatanga, ko te huringa i roto i te taumata Gulf wai teitei tohua e kāniwha whakapae i runga i te taiepa o nga awa, me nga peihana, makawe i runga i ngā mata. A, no te i roto i te 1777 i roto i Kronstadt i whakaritea ai he ratonga motuhake, aroturuki o te wai kawea e nga tohu tai mehua i runga i te raro o te Karo Canal.

wā roa-(i 1731), me ngā kōrero auau, te mātakitaki i te rerekē o ngā taumata wai o te Gulf o Finland kua tukinotia hydrographer M. F. Reyneke i 1840 i runga i te tātai o ratou pānui toharite i runga i te turanga kohatu o tetahi o nga piriti i runga i te hongere karo whakairo raina whakapae. I roto i te tahi tau ahuru matahiti i tenei taumata pereti maitai whakakotahi ki te tohu whakapae, ngā coinciding ki te kore e tohu ana i te mehua hohonu.

Whakawhiti taumata te moana i runga i te whenua

I runga i te tuawhenua i te tohu taumata kua oho e te whakaōritenga o te raina rerewhenua "St Petersburg - Oranienbaum" me "here" waitohu-tutaki ki tetahi o nga whare i runga i te Teihana Paratiki. Ko reira kua tenei tutaki mai 1892 kua he tohu pae nui mō inenga whakaōritenga katoa i roto i te whenua.

I roto i te 1946, whakaurua te pūnaha kotahi o taunga me altitudes i roto i te Soviet Union. I roto i te taumata tuatahi o te Moana Baltic kua tangohia ki te tohu ōrite ki te kore i runga i te tai mehua Kronstadt. Ko te pūnaha wāhi whakaōritenga tohutoro mana o te kāwanatanga tenei. Mai i wāhi o pū kore whakahaere tātaitanga tiketike me rire mō ngā tūtohi kāinga katoa me tohutohu rere, takoto ohuraa mō ngā mahi waka ātea.

Variety o papa i roto i te Geodesy

pūwāhi Reference i runga i te whenua denoted e hanga i roto i te puka o Cairns, papa ranei korere whakarewa. Tei runga i te tono, i reira e rave rahi ngā momo o papa:

• Rau tau-tawhito tohaina i roto i runga i te kaupapa motuhake puta noa i te whenua. E tāuta ratou rite ki ngā tohutohu i roto i te wāhi matawhenua homai. E whakamahia ratou te nuinga mō ngā take pūtaiao.
• Taketake rārangi rawa te whakaōritenga i runga i te katoa o te piha haapiiraa tuatahi (i waenganui i fakamāmaní) me ngā rārangi tino kawenga o te piha haapiiraa tuarua. Ko te tawhiti i waenganui i ngā - i 50 ki te 80 km. takoto ratou anake i roto i te whenua i roto i te puka o pou raima me pylons. Mai taea te whakamahi i te maramara taketake anake i roto i etahi wā, kua whakaturia ai tata te amiorangi anga-tika noa ki te raraunga whakawhiti. Kei te whakamahia te reira i rite te tautoko mo te rapataumata 3 me 4 akomanga.
• taumata noa he taiepa, toka, me te manawa whenua. Punga i te tawhiti o waenganui i 3.5 me 7 km i tetahi ki tetahi, e taea te whakatakotoria enei tohu i runga i ngā rārangi rapataumata katoa.

Ko te pūnaha o hono ngā tohutoro taketake, me te noa, me te hanga GHS - whatunga anga kōpiko kāwanatanga.

ti'araa Cartographic o tohu rangahau

I runga i te mana mahere tohua wāhi te ki ata motuhake. E kitea e ratou e whai ake:

• ngā arorangi;
• hoki ngā GGS;
• mo nga ngā pokapū whakaturia atu i roto i te rohe;
• tohu ki te rangahau whatunga;
• ngā rapataumata mo te āhua whatunga geodetic.

Kua tohua ēnei ngā katoa i runga i te mata tino o te whenua ki ngā koeko whakarewa ngā tohutoro noa ranei. pokapū Geodetic, e tohu ana i te wāhi o te tūemi, kua tono ki te taunga i runga i te mahere, i te mea rite tika rite taea, me te tohu teitei.

He aha te mea te wāhi tohutoro? Kei roto i te katoa whatunga geodetic pukepuke puke, pukepuke tu-anake whare ki mau pou, pourewa steeples ranei Whakaritea herenga whakaaetia e te ata ngā ranei. Tohu kāri GGS ki tauine nui tohu katoa. ngā arorangi, ko te paearu, denoted anake i roto i te wā i reira e ratou te wāhi tīmata i roto i te rohe.

Tapatorutia (fiducials) tūemi, tāutanga

Tāuta pūmau tohu mo ki kāwanatanga whatunga whakaōritenga geodetic. Teretetiera papa taha tahi kitea tuatihia i te tawhiti tomu'a. Te hoahoa me te tiketike o te pūāhua, tei runga i te ūnga, tikanga rohe, te whenua me te tawhiti i tetahi ira ki tetahi.

Ka taea te hanga ngā Geodetic i te puka o te whakarewa ranei koeko rakau, kohatu ranei pou raima. Ko te tiketike o ia hanganga tei runga i te pae honohono. Te papa, he waetoru he tautoko mo te mea ruri, me te kaimātakitaki ranei.

mahi wahi raro o tenei hanganga i roto i te puka o ringihia turanga Monolith raima. I te wāhi rawa i te mea te wāhi pokapū, whakaritea ki tapanga whakarewa. Ko te tuhituhinga i runga i te muri tohu te maha me te momo o te tūemi. Ingoa o te whakahaere i kawea atu te mahi me te tau o te tāutanga e maka tahi me te tapanga (te tikanga hanga o te maka rino).

Construction me tohu fiducial

Taumata i roto i te puka o te kōpae i hanga e te maka rino, whakaturia ki te taiepa o whare ahumahi, kuwaha, piriti me turanga i roto i te tautoko. meatia tenei e ki te aroturuki i te āhua pateko o ngā hanganga nui. I runga i nga tohu kōpae anake inscriptions he haurangi hoki whakapuru rapataumata tokotoko. Ka taea te wehea whakarite o tohu rangahau ki te kāwai e whai ake nei:

• tautoko mana ranei, e ko te pūtake mō te whakatau i te tūranga o pumau rama, tango ki pūkete te haumarutanga me te pūmautanga mo te wa roa;
• Pŭpŭ tauturu - tenei tohu takawaenga ki te ruruku tuku me te deformation uara, me i waenganui i nga tohu tohutoro;
• roha o te waitohu, e kua whakaritea tika i runga i nga taiepa o te hanganga kitea whare ranei (ki te tūranga mokowā o te ahanoa taui neke enei tohu me reira).

ngā tohutoro i roto i te hanga ko te taurangi o te kite wā o te nekeneke tapepe o te ahanoa nui, ranei pērā i te pāpuni hurihiko he ranei whare nui-ara.

Ko te katoa e hiahia ana koe tenei

Nā tūemi hono pūnaha whakaritea i hanga kāwanatanga whatunga geodetic. Kei roto whaiaronga Special rārangi o nga taunga i whakaritea o enei ngā katoa. whakamahia tēnei mōhiohio e ngā kairūri ki te ako mata o te ao, i roto i te engineering me geodetic rangahau mo nga hiahia rerekē o te ōhanga ā-motu.

E kōrero Rārangi ki fakafekau'aki uara ki te rangatira o te ope, tahi ki te mahere matawhenua. I te Carriers hoki pai mōhio e te wāhi tohutoro - he tohu tohu tetahi he teitei, he ahua o te tautoko mō te zeroing i runga i te whenua.

ngā Reference i runga i te Celsius tauine pāmahana whakaaro te ki hei te uara o kohua, me te mīti mata o te wai i te taumata moana.

I roto i te pakihi, whakamahia tenei ariā e ki te whakaahua i te tetahi āhuatanga, ka taea e arahi etahi mahi rānei ki te whakaoti i kore angitu ranei.

Hauora, hinonga

Mai te wāhi tohutoro - ko reira he ahua o te tohutoro, he "matau", e taea te tono i tenei ariā i roto i te maha ngā wāhi o te mahi a te tangata.

Tūhura i te take o te ahotea auau i roto i te iwi, tonu e noho ana i roto i ngā wāhi tāone, kua kitea aivanaa e te take hoki reira he taiao ataata te ngau ke. Ko te horapa o koki me ngā rārangi, ngā whare tae tuhia, he maha nui o ngā pateko tōraro pānga te āhua aronganui o te tangata. aronga Psychophysiological i roto i te pūtaiao, i huaina te taiao ataata, āhua e hapa nga āhuatanga o ngā huānga whakapaipai hoahoanga overloads te faatae te.

Me tohatoha i te kanohi ki te whakatika i etahi wāhi, taipitopito, te huānga ataata o te wāhi, kia i mohio a te roro te taiao rite te whakamarie, tata ki te taiao, me te pai. Anake, ki te he tikanga o te utu rerehua, me te aronganui te tangata.

ngā tohutoro i roto i te mahi - he ahua o airbags. Ka taea te whakamahi ratou ki te whakapiki ake i te kaha whakataetae o te hinonga. Ki te tangohia e tatou rite te pūtake mo etahi o nga tikanga hokohoko te kāwanatanga o take i roto i te wā o nāianei ranei, he reira taea ki te tautuhi i te mehua whānui ki te kia mau ki te huri i te āhuatanga mō te pai.