Hanganga, Pūtaiao
Anatomy - he aha te mea te reira? Anatomy rite te pūtaiao
He mahara ki hanganga tangata, hanganga, ara o te ora, me ngā momo o te taunekeneke o taata katoa e noho ana i runga i te ao āwhina ki a ia te whakamahi i tenei matauranga mo ratou ake take, mo te painga o te whanaketanga o te ao tangata. Na ko tūturu i roto i te iwi tonu moni i roto i te ao. Ake mai i nga wa onamata, tamata iwi ki te feruri i roto i pehea ki te hanga kaiao, rite he ratou te mea e, me he aha e nui.
Ko te aha te wā ahu ka riro te rongonui tino nui i roto i te ako pūtaiao pērā i te koiora. I te tuatahi mo reira tipu anake, ka kararehe, tangata, koiora, a te mutunga tae i roto i tona whanaketanga ki te wāhi i reira ka taea ki te titiro i roto i te mea anihi. Ki whatu te hanganga o te koiora atu maha āpiti o te pūtaiao, e he nei katoa integrated ka riro ona ngako.
pütaiao koiora
He he maha o sciences rerekē, e ngā koiora. Fakakaukau ki ratou whakarōpū.
I. Science General
- Systematics.
- Morphology (anatomy, histology, cytology).
- Whaiaroaro.
- Ko te whakaako o te kukuwhatanga.
- Biogeography.
- Ecology.
- Genetics.
II. matatini
- Parasitology.
- Hydrobiology.
- pūtaiao oneone.
III. pūtaiao tūmataiti
- Botany.
- Zoology.
- Mātauranga tikanga tangata.
Tenei tikanga o ngä pütaiao koiora wehenga i whakaarohia e te pūtaiao BG Ioganzenom i 1969, a kihai i reira ngaro tona hāngaitanga ki tenei ra. hipokina ana tēnei whakarōpū tata katoa pekanga nui, engari te tino hou - koiora, mataora, ira me te engineering pūtau me etahi pūtaiao hauora.
Anatomy, me te whai pānga pekanga
Ko tētahi o nga pekanga koiora tuatahi me tino nui ko te anatomy. Ko te reira, a ka tango i tatou i te titiro.
Tuatahi, whakatika te pātai: anatomy - he aha te mea te reira? He aha i ia ako? Ka taea te whakatakoto whakautu ahua. Ko te ngako o te whai.
Anatomy - te pūtaiao o te āhua o whēkau me ngā pūnaha okana, ratou hanganga me te mahi. Tenei ako Ko te manga o te Morphology, me o ake ngā o e rua ngā momo:
- tipu anatomy - hanganga, āhua, me te wāhi o whēkau me te kopa o te mea tipu;
- tinana o te kararehe, me te tangata - te taua, nga māngai anake katoa o kararehe.
Ko Anatomy me ētahi atu pūtaiao i roto i te mahi tata, a kahore he poitirere tenei. He uaua ki te ako i te hanganga rāpoi o nga pūtau o te ate, ki te kahore koutou e mohio ki ta te ate, te wahi e kei reira me aha ngā mahi e whakamana. Na reira, noho tenei ako he wahi tino nui i roto i te pūnaha whānui o ngä pütaiao koiora.
I tahaki, kua wehea te anatomy ki te momo e whai ake nei:
- whakatairite;
- pūnahanaha;
- tau;
- matawhenua;
- kirihou;
- mahi;
- Whakamātautau Morphology.
Kei ia wāhanga ona ake whāinga me ngā whāinga o te ako, he kaupapa o te ako, me te hanga i te takoha tino nui ki te haaputuputuraa o te ariā i roto i te koiora.
Whāinga me ngā whāinga o te pūtaiao
Anatomy - he aha kei te āta ako i te ako? Hoki te whakahoki tahuri tatou ki te whāinga me te whāinga o tenei pūtaiao.
Whāinga: Hei whakaputa tika ariā, tāruatia e mahi rangahau whakamātautau o te hanganga tinana tangata, āhua me te tūnga o okana me ngā pūnaha, ratou hanganga i roto i te tukanga o te kukuwhatanga, me te panoni i raro i te mana o ngā āhuatanga taiao ki runga i te wā.
I roto i te hononga ki te anatomy ūnga - te pūtaiao, te mahi e whai ake nei:
- Te tūhura i te wāhanga o te hanganga o te tangata, me te o tona tinana i roto i te tukanga o te whanaketanga kunenga.
- A feruri i te hanganga o okana, ngā pūnaha, me te titiro i te tauira o te huringa rite ki te hua o ngā huringa e pā ana-tau.
- Hei tirotiro i te mana o nga tikanga, me ngā āhuatanga taiao i runga i te whanaketanga me te hanganga o whēkau me ngā pūnaha o te tinana tangata.
Ko te kupu, kua riro matou he whakahoki motuhake, me te oti ki te pātai "Anatomy - he aha te mea te reira?" a taea tatou puta ki te whakaaro i te hītori o tenei pūtaiao.
Ko te hītori o te anatomy rite te pūtaiao
Ka rite ki te pūtaiao, i hanga tenei ako i anake i roto i te rau tau XVIII. Heoi, ka timata te matauranga ariā ki te whakaemi i roto i nga wa onamata, whakawhetai ki te mahi o taua greats rite Hipokeletisí, Aristotle, Gerofil, Erasistratus me etahi atu.
More tino a āta titiro pehea tipu anatomy (te pūtaiao o te tangata) mō ake rite te tepu.
| Ancient Kariki, Ihipa, Pahia, a China (460 g BC - .. XIII rau AD) | Middle ake ko Renaissance (XIII - XVIII rau) | wā Modern me nāianei (XVIII - XXI rau) |
| 1. "Ayurveda" (pukapuka Indian). Oku i ai e he whakaahuatanga o etahi tangata whekau, uaua me raru. | huru no te timatanga o te Anotau e stagnation i roto i te whanaketanga o te matauranga kikokiko. Kei te ako Kahore, ka whakawakia, kia rite ki araia tenei e te hahi. Ko te mutunga o XVII - timatanga o te rau tau XVIII - te wā o te Renaissance. I tenei wa, e orahia te reira i te raupapa o ngā e riro te taumata i roto i te hītori o te pūtaiao. | āhuatanga tēnei wā e te hanga o ngā pūrere i whakanui, e tukua ana ki te whakatuwhera i ngā hanganga iti me microorganisms. He he anatomy hauora. Hanganga o tikanga hou o te tūhuratanga o ngā kaiao ora, tae atu ki ngā tangata. Āta tāutuhia ariā o aha anatomy - te pūtaiao e kore e tika akoranga tinana, engari te pūnaha katoa o ratou mahi, me te mo te hanganga o te ora. |
| 2. "Neytszin" (pukapuka Chinese). Kei roto te reira i whakaahuatanga o te ngakau, whatukuhu, ate, me te tahi atu whekau tangata. | 1. hanga te Italian Mondino i 1316 te akoranga pukapuka tuatahi, e kī e te anatomy - te pūtaiao o tinana tangata, me to ratou oraraa. | 1. Carl Baer (1792-1876 tau) - whakatuwheratia kua ako te ovum tangata nga tikanga o te hanganga o paparanga te tupuranga me te timatanga o te hanganga o enei tinana. riro ia te recapitulation kaiwhakarewa ariā (tāruarua) i roto i te embryogenesis kukune tangata etahi tohu o waho o te kararehe. |
| ako 3. Ko te rata Ihipiana Imhotep te wāhanga o te tinana tangata e hāngai ana i runga i te tinana mō te mummification. tirohanga katoa whakaahuatia a ko te kupu te hanga tona mahi. | 2. 1473 g - whakaputaina mahi me Avicenna degrees hua kikokiko papakupu hauora tuatahi o ngā. | 2. Zhan Batist Lamark, hanga Charles Darwin he koha nui ki te whanaketanga o te ariā kunenga. Darwin - te kaituhi o te ariā tino whānui o te takenga o ngā momo tangata me ratou whanaketanga o mua. |
| 4. Gerofil Roma me tana matua mahi "anatomist". ako āta ia te hanganga ā-o te tinana tangata, i hanga he takoha nui ki te whanaketanga o te tinana o te tangata, huaina ai ko te papa o te ako. | 3. Ko te hapahapai ki te whanaketanga o te ako whakaurua te kaipeita Leonardo da Vinci, e whakamahia whakairo tona taranata toi ki tika zarisovyvaniya uaua, whekau, wāhanga o te kōhiwi tinana. Nona ia neke atu i te 600 tānga motuhake, tika me te mārama e whakaatu te mahi o uaua me ratou hanganga, te ngā whēkau me wheua. | 3. Louis Pasteur - he kaiputaiao anaana, he kēmihi, he kaikoiora moroiti. i taea e ki te whakamatau i te eita o whakatupuranga māhorahora o te ora i waho te whai wāhitanga o microorganisms ia. pau ahau i te rota o ngā ki te whakamatau i tenei meka, ko te papa o koiora. Ia whakawhanakehia hoki te nganatanga tuatahi o te iwi werohia ki mate. |
| 5. Erasistratus (Greece) ako hoki anatomy i runga i nga tinana o te ture mau. whawhati i ia hoatu mua Hipokeletisí te parau haapiiraa o fluids, whakahaere i te tinana tangata, me ona mate. whakaahuatia e ia etahi o nga okana me uaua. | 4. Andreas Vezaly - he tākuta, he kairangahau, anatomy kaihanga semitomnika. Ko tētahi o nga karaipi rahi o tona anatomy wā. Mohio kitea me te whakamātau anake, i whiwhi hua katoa e tūpāpaku wheua, me te kohikohi i roto i ngā urupā. | 4. Caspar Wolf - kaiwhakarewa o embryogenesis, ona ngā matua me ngā tohutohu. |
| 6. Klavdiy Galen - no ana mahi ki nga puna 400, i whakaahuatia e ia i roto i taipitopito te pinepine o ngā wāhanga hanganga o te tinana, tae atu i te raru ko me uaua. Tona mahi ko te rauemi whakaako tuatahi mō ētahi atu iwi i roto i te ako o te anatomy. | 5. Vilyam Garvey - hanga he takoha faufaa ki te whanaketanga o ngā whakaaro e pā ana ki te kaupapa o te toto i roto i te oko. Ko te kaiwhakarewa o te ture biogenetic, ua faaite e ia te whakaaro o te take mai o nga mea ora katoa i tetahi hua manu. | 5. Luigi Galvani - te ahupūngao rongonui nei kitea te āhua hiko o ponana karere i roto i te kopa o mea ora o mai i te kararehe. Kaiwhakatū o electrophysiology. |
| 7. Celsus - te kaiwhakarewa o maha ngā āhuatanga hauora o te anatomy. Ako te ligation o oko, nga taketake o te pokanga me te tiaki. | 6. Eustace - whakatuwhera te ngongo māna, ko muri ia ia (ngōrongo), e hono te taringa waenga me te huru waho. reira no hoki ki te kitea me te whakaahuatanga o te repe adrenal. He tokomaha whakaahuatia ratou tinana i whakanohoia i roto i te mahi noa e whakaotia, kihai i taea ki ia. | 6. He koha nui ki te whanaketanga o te tinana, me te rongoā i roto i Russia whakaurua e Pita I. Ko ia te tangata e whakaturia te tere na e kua whakahaere pūtaiao o to tatou whenua ki te hanga i te maha o ngā āhuatanga nui, me te tino o te pūtaiao, me te ki te hoatu i te whai wāhi ki te whakawhanake hakune. ka mau ia kingi mo te wheako o kaimahi ke. kua Creation o te Russian Academy o Sciences kua mahu'inga i roto i te whanaketanga o pekanga maha. |
| Kua whakawhanakehia te ariā e te tinana tangata te 4 okana matua te kawenga mō tana mahi katoa - 8. rata Persian Abu Ibn Sina (Avicenna): te ngakau, raho, ate, roro. | 7. Gabriele kākano - he tauira o Vesalius. nona e ia te whakaahuatanga, me te kitenga o te maha o ngā wāhanga iti hanganga o te tinana: te uaua torino, kanohi me te palatal, āhuatanga o te okana o rongo. whakaahuatia e ia nga taketake o te hanganga o te Rauakitua taihemahema wahine. | 7. Pirogov N. I. - he tākuta tino, te kaiwhakarewa o anatomy whakatairite, te ihi o te tikanga o "anatomy tio" (te räkau mongamonga o tinana tio mō te ako me te whakarite). a ko tana mahi te pūtake mo te whanaketanga o te pokanga. |
| 9. Ko te Kariki Empedocles me Alcmaeon. Whai wāhi ki te whanaketanga o te matauranga e pā ana ki te taringa me okana o kite, me raru ko e karapoti ana i te reira. | 8. Thomas Willis - he tākuta, ko wai mohiotia te mo te kitea o te maha o nga mate tangata, me te he hi'opo'a maitai o te pūnaha io o te iwi. | 8. P. A. Zagorsky me IV Buyalsky tuatahi whakawhanakehia, ka tukua ngā pukapuka anatomy me ngā taonga whakaako mō ngā ākonga. |
| 10. Ko te Kariki Anaxagoras me Aristophane. I ako takitahi roro me ona anga, kitea whakaahuatia. | 9. Gleason. Whakaahua mana me te ake āta ako nga tama a mate tangata. | 9. P. F. Lesgaft - kaiwhakarewa o anatomy mahi. haapii e ia a whakaahuatia nga uaua, wheua, ratou mahi, me te hanganga o te hononga iho. |
| 11. Euripides ko Diogenes i taea ki te kite i te rua tomokanga, whakaahuatia etahi o te pūnaha circulatory, he tokomaha atu wahi o to ratou mahi. | 10. Casparo Azelli. hanga e ahau he whakamārama tika tika o nga oko lymphatic intestinal. He rota o te kaha hoatu ki roto ki te whanaketanga o ngā whakaaro e pā ana ki te mahi o nga pūnaha circulatory me lymphatic. | 10. V. N. Tonkov. te whakaaro ia te whakamahi o X-hihi ki ako i te kōhiwi. Kaiwhakatū o anatomy whakamātautau rite te ako. |
| 12. Aristotle. ako ahau nga otaota, kararehe, me te tangata. Kua hanga e ia neke atu i te 400 nga mahi i ngā wāhi rerekē o te koiora. Whakaaro te pūtake o te katoa wairua ora, tohu ia i te ōrite i roto i te hanganga o te kararehe, me te tangata. | 11. Ko reira te taahiraa nui mua i roto i te whanaketanga o te anatomy ka "whare tapere kikokiko": te tūpāpaku o tinana i roto i te iwi whānui. I taua takahanga i tukuna mo hiahia ki te ako rongoa. I roto i te tūpāpaku, whakahaere he kōrero tahi o te mea i kite ia. Mau hiaai i te wahi o te Ekalesia rite te whai hua i runga i te ako i te taketake o te anatomy. | 11. DA Zhdanov, BI Lavrentiev, NM hanga Jakubowicz he koha nui ki te whanaketanga o te matauranga e pā ana ki te hanganga me te pūhanga o te roro, ki te whakahaere i ponana. |
| 13. Hipokeletisí - kaituhi o te whakaaro o te peia fluids tinana wha: toto, maremare, ate kōwhai me te pango. whakakahore ia nga whakaaro minita o te tinana o te tangata me te kararehe. | 12. I. I. Mechnikov - kaituhi o te ariā o te wātea i te mate, I TE tukanga phagocytosis. Whakawhiwhia te Nobel mo tona mahi i roto i tenei rohe. |
O te akoranga, e kore te mea he rārangi oti nga ingoa e o uara ariā, me te mahi nui i roto i te whanaketanga o taua sciences rite tinana nei mahi o tenei.
He aha te mea te tinana o tenei ra? pūkenga hou e kore e okioki ano i runga i o ratou tatü. Wā tupu nga āhuatanga hou katoa o ngā ngā hanganga me o ratou mahi. Tenei te tikanga e te tahi mau tukanga e tonu hano tatau ki te tangata, a ka he te reira te tahi mea ki te tutava no te.
Communication Anatomy me Physiology
Kei te tino whanaunga tata ratou ki tetahi ki tetahi anatomy, me te whaiaroaro. Ka rite ki te pūtaiao, e ratou anake i roto i ngā e taea whakarato oti mōhiohio e pā ana ki te hanganga, te āhua, te hanganga, me te mahi o te pūnaha okana ngā. Ko reira te reira i runga i te par ki te pūtaiao kikokiko hāngai reira whaiaroaro o ngā tipu me ngā kararehe, me te tangata.
Ko te pāhekoheko rawa nui tenei, tuku he māramatanga hohonu o te tikanga o te tinana tangata. Na, whakahaere tika ia ratou. I roto i te tahuri, he tino nui mō te rongoa i enei raraunga. Huri i te reira i roto i e tata nga pūtaiao koiora katoa - tu'atiraa rahi TANGLE, toia ki runga ki taua miro, ka taea e te tiki e koe he mōhiohio ahurei me te oti e pā ana ki i te ao nei ora.
Anatomy mō ngā ākonga
Te marautanga akoranga tetahi o nga kaupapa nui mō ngā ākonga kura tiketike ko te anatomy. I roto i te piha haapiiraa e haamata ki ako i te reira? Ka rite ki te pūtaiao e whakaako ai, i te waru. Ko te matauranga tuatahi e pā ana ki te hanganga o te tinana tangata, me te mahi o nga tinana e kua i roto i te haapiiraa tuatahi.
ako o te tumu parau i roto i te kura tuatahi
Noatia, ako te ako kore e timata ki te piha haapiiraa tuatahi, ahakoa whakamārama te rāpopototanga me i roto i te puka wātea mō ngā tamariki etahi ariā kikokiko. Hei tauira, e noho ana tano ore i te tēpu e taea arahi ki curvature o te tuaiwi. Ko te tikanga, i tenei tau, kua mohio tamariki katoa te wahi i te tuaiwi. Ko anake i roto i tīmata te wha te kōeke "tūturu" anatomy. 4 piha - wāhanga zavershayushy o te mātauranga tuatahi. feunga whakangungua tamariki ki te ako ki te matau i te nuinga o ngā tukanga kikokiko taketake. Te whakangungu e whakaratohia ana e te hōtaka i roto i te akoranga o te ako "i waho ao". Pēpi homai te mahere whenua whānui o te whēkau i roto i te tinana tangata, ratou ingoa, me te ingoa o nga pūnaha hanga ratou. hāngai hoki i runga i nga mahi whakamana.
Anatomy hoki kōeke 8
I te wā waenganui o whakangungu te ako anatomy tangata tino kiko, me te oti. Grade 8 fokotu'u mai he tau o whakaaro tupato o ngā take, me te rōrahi o tenei ako. I roto i tenei wā ako tatou mea katoa i te hītori o te anatomy, me te mutu ki te mahi teitei io, me te whanautanga tamariki.
ako tamariki e pā ana ki katoa nga āhuatanga o te hanganga me te mahi o nga pūnaha okana, wāhanga takitahi, me te whakarato pārongo taipitopito i runga i te pānga o ngā āhuatanga o waho i runga i te whanaketanga o te iwi. aro te reira i te take o te kukuwhatanga, me te hanganga o te tangata. Ko, he matatini ki ētahi atu sciences ako anatomy tangata.
Tutorial "Kōeke 8. Anatomy" kau marama whakaahua,-kounga tiketike, me te whakaaturanga wātea o te mōhiohio i runga i ngā take katoa o te ako. I tua atu, piri ki reira, taonga hiko, he ako teuteu i runga i te pūtaiao tata. E te pukapuka matua hanga pukamahi mō ngā ākonga, me te he maha o taonga whakaako mō ngā kaiako.
hanga tenei reira taea ki te whakakotahi i te matauranga e homai koiora (anatomy tangata). Grade 8 - e kore e anake te tetahi i roto i nei te pātai kikokiko pā, engari te tetahi matua.
Ko te kaupapa ako i roto i te kōeke 9 kura
I roto i te tahi mau kura, he hāngai i te wa i muri mai i tenei pūtaiao - i roto i te akoranga o te kōeke 9. E rave rahi te iwi whakapono e no te mea o te whīwhiwhi o te tumu parau, ko e puta whakawhenumi pai i roto i tenei te taiohitanga, he wā o te hanganga o te mahara o te tamaiti pakeke.
Heoi, i reira he kahore feaa i roto i te meka e kore iti te mea whai hua te ako mua o te tumu parau. I muri i te katoa, i reira e he rota o wāhanga, e tuku ngā ākonga, me te koiora. Grade 9 "anatomy Human" te hünuku ki ngā wāhanga mua o ako taua take matatini rite te hanganga rāpoi o nga pūtau me te rauropi rite te katoa, te whakaako o te kukuwhatanga. Na reira, ki te mea i te mea tau, ko te pai ki te ako i te tinana o te akoranga, uaua. Anatomy - te pūtaiao e Akoranga matua te hanganga me te mahi o te tinana tangata. Na reira, ki te whakaroa i te ako o "shelved" reira whakauaua hanga tikanga.
Kōeke 10 me te anatomy
Mua (i mua i te 1980), tenei ako te tikanga i te wā anake e i roto i te kura nui. Ko runga i puta i te atamira whakamutunga o whakangungu anatomy. whakaaro 10 piha haapiiraa i te wa tino tika ana mō tenei.
Kei te tipu ngā tamariki o teie mahana ake i roto i te tau o panoni kaha i roto i te pūtaiao, me te hangarau. ki tonu o ratou mahara te, ka ratou nui ake whanaketanga me te ake ahei. Ko te rōrahi o te rauemi mo te ako ano hoki fakautuutu tino ke (pai ake) tikanga, me ngā tūāhua o te whakaako. Na reira, ko te whakawhitinga o te ako o te anatomy i te kōeke 8 he tona whakamāramatanga arorau, me te he e kore te tahi mea kino.
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