Modernism i roto i te hoahoanga. Kāhua o te hoahoanga. momo Modern o hoahoanga

Modernism i roto i te hoahoanga me te toi ētahi wā raruraru ki te ao hurihuri. Ko te pōhēhē taua mārama, mai mai te reira i te arorau mua: cognates tohu e pā ana ki te mea ano, engari i roto i te mahi he rerekē te āhuatanga. Nouveau - he wā e tautuhi ana i te wā o mua i roto i te horopaki o te toi, te mea Modernism - he aronga tino, e kore te āhuatanga nei e na nui e tūemi motuhake, pera i te motika o te wheako me te arotahi o tau o mua.

taea a kia tirohia reira e kore anake rite te kaihoahoa, engari ano hoki he āhuatanga hītori. Na roto i te a nui, ko reira he whakamātautau waikawa e tauhohe ki nga mea katoa e tupu i roto i te ao, me te hapori i roto i te whānui e kore anake, engari ano hoki i roto i te hinengaro o takitahi. Modernism - view kāhua o te ora, he tohu o te tūmanako o te wā.

Hea?

te wā iho Taketake i te Italian, te wahi modernismo whakamaoritia te kupu rite "puta noa hou." Ko te tikanga, te reo i roto i tenei tikanga, Koinei piri - he tikanga ōrite, me te moderne kupu Wīwī, ko te reo Pākehā - hou.

I rongo te taeraa mai o te ao hōu e te hiahia ki te neke ki te taumata qualitatively hou o te ora i roto i ona faaiteraa katoa. Kua hanga e te rau tau hou, me ngā hangarau hou he fifi o te pūtaiao i roto i tona ahua hypertrophied, e taea te ata ki te taua "hyperboloid o Engineer Garin". Kua whakarerea e te taupori o Europa i roto i te 20-doma o rau XX te faufaa ai'a o te mua, me te tino whakahoutia nga momo o hoahoanga.

E ai ki hītori, kua riro te whanaketanga o te ao hōu te whakanui rite ki te hua o takaí, e rua i roto i te ao tōrangapū me te i roto i te feruriraa o te iwi. I tua atu, ko te au hou te tauhohenga ki te taikaha o te pathos, tawhito-pupuku me affectedness, i nga tūturu i roto i te taua kāhua Victorian. Whakakōkī mo te whanaketanga o te maitai hangarau e kua whakaaetia ki te whakamahi i roto i te hanga o ngā rauemi, i mua uaua e tika ana ki te primitiveness o te tukanga whakaputa.

timata

whakatakotoria wä timatanga Modernism i roto i te waenganui o te rau tau whakamutunga. whakamatauria te tukanga ki te kia tino uaua: fakafalala ai ki runga ki nga mea iti, ngali matara i te hoahoanga. I tohua tēnei wā e te puhake i roto i te hītori o te whanaketanga o te ahumahi. He rota o te iwi ka haere ki te mahi i roto i te pa nui e tika ana ki te tomonga o tangata whare hou ka te iti rawa, hohoro hanga whare hou i roto i i tukua whaitua i tauhou. Whakapaipai hanga rerehua kata whakahuatia i roto i monograms, kahore hohoro, hiahia ki te tu austerity. I roto i te mau parau te tahi atu, whaia te hoahoanga o te hawhe tuarua o te rau tau 19 hua anake mahi.

haapiiraa Basic o te ao hōu

mea iti koe e taea e titiro mo te wa ore roa, na te arotahi whakarongo i runga i ngā matua.

• hoahoanga Modern hanga ki te tino huatau, kai tino matatau me te hanga rerekē rerekē, puka kore-paerewa. Kia ora te ahumahi revolution! Buildings i hanga i roto i o te karaihe, whakarewa me te raima. Nā ki te meka e te nuinga o hinonga whakaputa pereki matarohia, i iti rawa mohio e pā ana ki te taputapu, he tokomaha o ratou i haere kaihau, taea ki te uru atu te ngaru hou.
• hāngai Organization o te wāhi ā-kei te matua i runga i te taumahinga. Rationality hoatu i te mua, rite te ātete ki te hawhe tuatahi o te rau tau XIX. Buildings mō iwi, e kore te iwi mo te whare - raro katoa ki te haratau tangata, te aspirant i roto i nga wa hou.
• Whakaotia liaki o ngā huānga whakapaipai i roto i te noa ki te wheako mua. I roto i te whānui, whakamoemiti te ariā o "embellishment" tonoa iho rite tau o te wā hou, te mâ tino.
• Ko te kore o te rītaha motu whakahuatia i roto i te hanga motuhake o te whare tona hoahoa ranei, te heke mai, ko te kotahi hoki te katoa.

hikuwai

kite Modernism i roto i te hoahoanga te rite faaauhia te ao hurihuri, engari ehara i te mea pono, ki te anake te mea o te meka e te wa i mahue ai i muri, whakatotoka i te eighties o te rau tau whakamutunga. I roto i tenei take, e kore te mea tenei au te katoa - no te mea o tona subjectivity me kua hanga te kanorau reira he maha o manga, rere ke a ratou ano.

• Te hoahoanga tūturu. Kore, e karangatia ana ko organic. Mai i te ingoa ano ko reira mārama he aha te whakaaro o tenei au, Heoi, he ona ake "engari." Piri e hoatu ai i te ngakau o te taiao, ngā puka ngohengohe tūturu i roto i ngā o te ao, e kore e nga rauemi e whakamahia ana i roto i te hanga whāiti tonu ki ki te "kohatu, me te rakau." Ko te mea matua ko te e he haumaru ngā rauemi, i whai ahua ai - he koiora me te whenua - māori.
• Bauhaus. Taumahinga i roto i tona puka parakore. Gaudily-whanau hanga, he kore oti o ngā huānga whakapaipai, he huinga o te haratau me te taputapu ōrite ataahua.
• Art Deco. I roto i te ako o te ahunga Modernism kia tuhia te reira e ko te oraora tino, te wero tino tenei. nui Kāhua i runga i te taa ki te Bauhaus, e hāngai ana i runga i te āhuahanga maia, eclecticism, auautanga tino (ia ruma me mo te hanganga ture ki te wa, me te wahi), maia puka me te hiahia te oti'a ore mō te papai rite whakahuatia i roto i te rauemi roa'ei te i rei ki kalokataile.
• Brutalism. Whakahuatia i roto i te tikanga maroke, kahore maimoatanga o te hanganga mata. Ka rite ki te mea te take, no te tino e whakaata ana te ingoa i te faufaa.
• Internationalism. Ko te whakaaro taketake ko te makanga o tetahi ahurea tuku iho.
• Rationalism me Hanganga. momo matua i roto i te hoahoanga o te Soviet Union, ake i runga i te hunga i raro.

Materials me tauira

Kāhua Modernism i roto i te hoahoanga timata ki te whakawhanake i raro i te mana o ngā whakapaitanga i roto i te hanga o hangarau rauemi hou. Hei tauira, tenei rohe mea au, tona whanau ki te kari Zhozefu Mone, nana nei i hanga te raima whakapakaritia. Mea faahiahia te mea ka matou i te reira i te aituā: i whakaritea tuatahi reira ki te hanga tika mo te tipu ipu, e pai makona ana hiahia katoa.

Waihanga i i hanga i tenei raima, kitea e te humarie inä, ara tetahi kia mea, otinga ki te papamuri mua hanganga mōmona.

Ia kitea tuatahi tono i roto i te hanganga ahumahi (kore kino mo te rauemi e tuatahi i mahara ki te hei i te tāpu e kore ko reira,?), Ka ka oho ki te ao o te hanganga o ngā whare noho. No te mea o ka puta mai tenei ki te mīharo mō taua wa, mahi o hoahoanga, kaimātakitaki mīharo me tona hōkai.

Otinga me te ake kaha whakapakaritia Modernism raima. tahuri Kāhua o te hoahoanga i taua momeniti ki te ao: tukua reira ki te hanga tüäpapa inaki i teihana, whakaurunga ki Tīpae nui auheke me te ake. kia whakahuatia te reira hei tauira te Crystal Palace i London, te Brooklyn Bridge me, o te akoranga, te Kanikani Whare i roto i Prague. Tenei te mea e tika ana ki te kōrero wehe.

E kanikani tatou?

Kei te hanganga o e rua nga wahi i roto i te puka o ngā ipurau - hanga tetahi o ratou i roto i te kāhua matarohia, me te tuarua - i roto i te haamou. Kanikani huaina whare no te mea rite reira tona āhua he wahine kanikani - he ahua ki te hope kikokore, me te pito e rerengia ana hanga te tokonga o te kaupapa. Takekore ki te mea e ko te hanganga i roto i te taa ê roa ki te whare puāwaitanga e tu taha i te taha.

Ko te Soviet Union

Modernism i roto i te hoahoanga kihai i haere me to matou whenua. Kei te tino mārama faaite ia tenei i roto i nga uofulu o te rau tau whakamutunga, faaite i roto i te ahunga o te rationalism me Hanganga. Kia whakaaro tatou ia o ratou.

rationalism

te tikanga te wā e iritihia i Latin "whaitake", me e te reira. i meinga e tona ahua i te ahunga whakamua hangarau taua. Kua puta ke matea rerehua o iwi, a i roto i Russia - hoatu Monogram ara ki te tikanga poto, ia mau ana i te mahi motuhake. Ko te nui o te wāhi, te kuwaretanga, māmā, e tohe mo te tino, e kore "ataahua mo te whakaaro ki a ataahua." Modernism o te rau tau 20 whakamahia atu tikanga o te mana i runga i te tirohanga o te tangata. Me kï reira e ko te aronga o te atu "ora" atu i tona Hanganga mono tenei: tamata rationalism ki te hoatu i te whare i te maheni, ahuareka ki te kite ngā rārangi me ngā āhua.

Kei te nuinga o te wā Tetahi tītohunga e here ana ki te huru, e kore haere tenei kapu, me tenei kāhua. Fakamānava'i wä me te rangatira o nga ngā ko te kaihoahoa me kaiako Nicholas Ladovsky. Ahakoa tona whakamāramatanga o hoahoanga î i te mahi o te ora: tuhituhi ia e whakahaere te hoahoanga ki te wāhi me te wāhi ko te pokapū o te katoa hiahia matou ki te mea piri o rationalism. I kihai i nga whanaketanga wa ano o te tau o mua i whakakahore, a ki te whakaae me te tukanga i roto i runga i te whakaaro. Tenei aronga Ko ha sitepu mahu'inga i roto i te hanganga o te whakapakoko hou o hoahoanga Soviet, ahakoa te meka e ko te reira iti rongonui i te Hanganga, i te mea e pawerawera i runga i tona rekereke.

constructionism

Tenei whanaketanga hoahoa e miramira Modernism o te rau tau 20 i te tau katoa. Ka taea te whakaaro tenei au te apotheosis o māmā, me te hangarau hou.

Ko te piri o te Hanganga, i rite ki nga rationalists, rangatira fakamamafai te taumahinga o te whare, te haapa'o ore i te haratau o te iwi. I whakatapua te reira ki te whāinga rahi o te whakatutukitanga o ngā whakaaro whakamua. Whanaketanga o te mua kaha rawa whakakahore, ki te hanga i te tahi mea hou, ripeneta rerekē.

I roto i te mahi, kua hua tenei i roto i te kati korerorero-whare (i roto i te noa "hapori"), i noatia te taea o te pororaru,: iti ruma, ngā pati ki ua, kīhini ngā. Ko te kaupapa ki te arorau tino me ture katoa. i pai i runga i te pepa mea katoa, engari kore-mahi i roto i te ora ia rā.

Ki te tangohia e tatou i roto i te whānui, i te kāhua o te hoahoanga Russian o taua wa kotahi whāinga - wawe tonu ki te manga ki te heke mai, kia ngaro nga mekameka o te tau kua hipa o te stagnation me haere tahi nga hikoinga o te māmā hou, ōrite rārangi ma.

hurihuri

Ki te rā, kore kāhua huatau kotahi, e pai kia whakamahia i roto i te hanganga o ngā whare. Āwhatatia te tau'a-whakaaetia ki te hema i roto i te taumaha katoa - inaianei kei te hanga katoa rite kite ia. Heoi, he taea tonu o ngā momo katoa ki te wehewehe i te momo hoahoanga hou e whai ake nei:

• Hi-tech - he ode ki hangarau te ahunga whakamua, te pato'iraa kaha o te naturalness.
• Bio-tech - he ode ki te natura, te ritenga o te paratarafa matamua: e rerengia ana rārangi tūturu, whaihanga o te rauropi ora.
• Postmodernism - he ode ki te puka quirkiness hītori, me te tūmōmō, karanga Modernism i roto i tona kororia katoa.
• Kitsch - he ode ki haurangi me te reka kino. Grotesque, rere taipitopito. Ko Tuarua, te mea matua rerehua - ki te maka i te wero ki te hapori, me te tu i roto i te mano.

hua

Kua pau ano Modernism i roto i te hoahoanga ki te tau 80-th o te rau tau rua tekau. O te akoranga, te whare hangaia i runga i ona kēnana, mahi tonu pai, engari i hanga kahore hou. Ahakoa te meka e nga tau o te rongonui ki muri, e taea e kore te hoohonutanga Modernism - ko reira he mahi nui ki te whanaketanga o te hoahoanga i roto i te whānui.