Hoahoanga Soviet: whakaahuatanga, hītori me ngā meka ngā

kia kitea te hanga o te hapori hou i roto i te ahurea o te whenua i roto i te whānui me te hoahoanga i roto i ngā. haere hoahoanga Soviet kua i roto i te maha o ngā wāhanga o te whanaketanga, i mohio ia nga piki me ngā heke, engari i roto i tetahi take kua riro te reira i te hui ngā i roto i te hoahoanga ao. I roto i te USSR, i reira i rave rahi kaihoahoa te taumata teitei, me te i ēnei rā te wāhi pou-Soviet nui, ka taea e kite koe i te maha o masterpieces o tauine ao. whakaahua tatou kāhua pehea tipu A o te hoahoanga Soviet, a pehea kua tipu i te reira.

Āhuatanga me Tūmahi o hoahoanga Soviet

I muri i te Oketopa Revolution o 1917, kei te kaha eke te kāwanatanga hou i runga i te huringa i roto i ao katoa o te ora. e kore hoki te i mea katoa i reira ki runga ki te hoahoanga, engari reira hohoro ka mārama e ia, rawa, kia mahi i te mahi wä, rite te era atu katoa o toi. I roto i te tau 20 e kore i mua i te hoatu i te kaihoahoa tika te mahi o te hanga i te wāhi hou, ko te kaihanga ite ratou kaha e ko te reira te wa mo puka hou, ka tīmata ki te rapu hoki i te faaiteraa o whakaaro mō te huringa. Otiia i muri mai hangaia hoahoanga Soviet i ki te mahi ki nga whakaaro o te hapori. toi katoa i roto i te Soviet Union i ki te whakamatau i te ara tika anake o te whanaketanga - te hapori. arahina tenei ki nga āhuatanga matua o te hoahoanga Soviet, e tonu i ki kia matua wä, engari i roto i te whakamutunga - ataahua. Ki te i te tuatahi, whakahaere nga kaihanga ki te whakakotahi i tonu paingia te whakaaro o te ataahua, me te ka āta hoatu ara ki te rerehua o te utilitarian, a arahina tenei ki te heke i roto i te pūmanawa o te hoahoanga nui.

huahua hītori

Ko te whanaketanga o te hoahoanga Soviet kua haere te maha o ngā wāhanga. e pā ana te take o tenei tītohunga te ki te wā o te 20 - te timatanga o nga 30raa, ka i reira he rapu mātātoa mo puka hou, reinvents nga tikanga matarohia o te hoahoanga. I tenei wa i hanga e rua ahunga matua o te hoahoanga Soviet Five and Seven: Hanganga me te rationalism. I te mutunga o nga 30raa riro te reira mārama e kore ko te Five and Seven i te ara ki te ahurea wä Soviet. haamata te reira ki te hanga i te hoahoanga hou, e whai ana ki te whakanui i te nui me te whakatutukitanga o te whakaaro hapori. Whakatinanatanga o nga whakaaro o te wā haukotia te Pakanga o te Ao Tuarua, i muri i nei te wā hou i roto i te hoahoanga. Kei te whai pānga te reira i kore anake ki te faaho'iraa mai o te pa i huna, engari ano hoki te hanga o te wāhi hou e e tautoko i te tangata i te tikanga o te whakapehapeha i roto i to ratou whenua. Ko runga i hanga tenei kaupapa wä e kingitanga o Stalin, me tona keno mō te tauine. Ko te timatanga o nga 60raa kino ake ngaa te raruraru o te hoahoanga noho. noho te iwi i roto i ngā āhuatanga subhuman, a kihai tenei i taea e pēnei ki te hangaia anō pou-pakanga. He mea tika ki te whakaoti i te raruraru o te hanganga whare papatipu. I faatiti'aifarohia tenei raruraru mā te whakanui kaupapa iti. Ko reira he kino mo te hoahoanga Soviet. kua kore whiriwhiria nei e te ara pai o te whanaketanga me te haere i muri i te French i roto i to ratou momo mahi o te hanganga.

mohio ngana auaha katoa o kaihoahoa nui, me te kino. He aha i hanga nga kaihanga ki te whai wāhi i roto i "te hoahoanga pepa", arā. E. Hei waihanga kaupapa ki kahore tumanako o fakahoko. I roto i te 80, kaihoahoa Soviet lāu'ilo lahi o te raruraru haamouraa. I tenei wa, te nuinga reira i te angamaheni, kaupapa faceless. Architecture puta i te toi ki te pūkenga tuhi ohie. Ia āta timata ki te puta i te raruraru taea noatia te mutunga o te 90, engari e he wā pou-Soviet.

Soviet Five and Seven

I te mutunga o te Pakanga Civil, i reira ko he pātai e pā ana ki te whakahokinga mai o Moscow. E tenei wa i roto i te hoahoanga te whenua o kua whakawhanakehia ahunga hou e rua: Hanganga me te rationalism. i hanga ratou e kaihoahoa tino e puta i roto i nga whakarerenga iho Russian me Pākehā, engari i kite ratou i te hiahia ki te waihanga i tētahi hoahoanga hou e e whakatau i te mau hou. I i mīharo e te whakaaro o te hanga i tētahi hapori hou, me te hanganga o te hou, tangata au maite nga kaihanga.

Constructivists arahina e te teina Vesnin, Konstantin Melnikov, whakapono Moisei Ginzburg e me te whakatau i te hanganga o te whare te mahi. kihai ratou ki tonu hītori, hoatu te tūranga matua i te hoahoa ohie ki te iti o te whakapaipai. Mihi taonga ki a ratou ko te hoahoanga Five and Seven Soviet e taua wāhi rite te whare a tawhio noa K. Melnikov i Moscow, te whare o te niupepa "Izvestia", te Palace o Culture ZIL, me te tini ke atu. Ko te aronga i rawa pai riro e kaihoahoa, a ko ona manga i Leningrad, Kharkov, Gorky, Sverdlovsk. I roto i nga pa maha o te USSR mua, me te i ēnei rā e taea e tatou e te faahiahia i te whare constructivist.

Ko te tuarua Five and Seven aronga, rationalism, arahina e N. Ladovsky ko B. Krinsky, riro he whakatinanatanga iti atu i Hanganga. E te nuinga kitea ratou i roto i te mahi o te whare pūkete te hinengaro o te tirohanga tangata. kua i roto i te tīmatanga o 30-doma o te Five and Seven kua mohio a Hēnare i ke ki te toi Soviet me hohoro mutu ki te tīariari. rationalism i muri i "rehabilitated" a i whānui ana whakaaro whakamahia i roto i te hoahoanga i roto i te 60raa.

30-40s architecture

I roto i te waenganui-30raa te tomo hoahoanga Soviet te wā hou. tupulaki te mana hou te hiahia mō te hanga anō nui o noho me ngā whare tūmatanui, te hanga o te momo hou o whakaurunga, pērā i te pae mo te whakaaturanga ahuwhenua. I te mua o ngā tikanga me ngā tikanga tuku iho. I te matenga o te kaihoahoa traditionalist whiwhi he kura pai tawhito Neoclassicist I. Zholtovsky. Retrospektivist i roto i o ratou whakaaro, hoki ia ki te mahi aroha motu o tīwae, pou, haurangi, me ētahi atu I roto i tenei wā, atu kaha te awe i te Hanganga, engari te pikitanga o nga Talafungani te mārama atu hoko. I mua i te Pakanga o te Ao Tuarua i roto i te whenua, ina koa i roto i Moscow, i reira te mea he kotokoto hanga. ENEA puta matatini, te State Library. Lenin, hanga e rave rahi o te teihana lēlué Moscow. I roto i Kharkov, whakaarahia ensemble Dzerzhinsky Square. I roto i Yerevan, i reira he Whare Kāwanatanga. I runga i te mahere o te USSR, pa hou, e mahere ki whakatinana i te whakaaro o te hoahoanga hou. Ko te Komsomolsk-i runga i-Amur, Magnitogorsk, Khabarovsk enei. I mua i te pakanga, e pā ana ki 170 miriona i hanga i roto i te tapawha whenua. mita o te whare. Ina e hanga e he hou, kāhua emepaea o te Soviet Union.

kingitanga o Stalin

I muri te Pakanga II o te Ao hītori o hoahoanga Soviet tomo te atamira hou. ka mau te reira i te rota o ngā rauemi ki te hanga kainga whakangaromia. I roto i te waenganui-40s i roto i te Soviet Union i hanga i muri i Hanganga "kāhua nui" i roto i te hoahoanga te tuarua - kingitanga o Stalin. Kua ngā ia e rave rahi ngā tohutohu: Classicism, Baroque, Art Deco Empire. I āhuatanga i te reira te whānuitanga, kororia, hanahana. hangaia Whare i roto i tenei kāhua i ki whakaatu i te āwhata o te wikitoria Soviet me paetae. ka te tohu o tenei kāhua rongonui Moscow "wharetīoke": Moscow State University, te hotera "Ukraine", Tāhuhu o Foreign Affairs me ētahi atu. ka kingitanga o Stalin te kāhua tino mo te 150 tau, kua puta ke ai te mata o te whenua. kua puta hoahoanga Stalinist i roto i tata pa katoa o te whenua.

hoahoanga noho Mass

I roto i te wā kaumātua he whakapeka raruraru whare. Otiia i roto i nga tau 50 o tona ārahitanga e kore i taea e whakatau, na ko reira tika ki te whakahoki hanga hanganga. Otiia i roto i nga 60raa ki faataime te whakatau o tenei mahi ko e taea. Just i tenei wa ka haere mai ki te mutunga i te wā o Stalin me Khrushchev ka karanga hoki te mōrahi whakaiti te utu o te hanganga noho. Ia tīmataria hoki i te pakanga ki "nga haurangi o te toi", kua tūtohutia he tauira ki te tango i te functionalism French Quarters. Heoi i reira, ko te Cheryomushki rongonui, hei tauira o tētahi taiao ora hou. I roto i te hauwhā tuatahi i matou ki te kia me te whakarato i ngā o te hanganga pāpori me ngā whare i te wāhi iti ia noho.

60-80s architecture

Mai te mutunga o 60-doma haamata te aho-rere whare paerewa hanga nui. I roto i nga pa katoa, me nga pa o te Soviet Union i reira he whare i nga kōrero ngātahi raima. he nohopuku Construction, whiwhi iwi whaitua. Otiia ki te whakamahi i te kupu "hoahoanga" ki te whare he uaua, mai i tino featureless me te kākahu i te whare. Heoi ko te hoahoanga o te rohe Soviet o te hoahoa paerewa i roto i tetahi pa, ano e rua pī i roto i te pākākano rite ki ētahi atu whakataunga. Ko te pā ana ki reira, a kata kiriata kaiwhakahaere Eldar Ryazanov i te kiriata "Tuhinga o mua." Te hanga nui me te whawhai ki extravagances hoahoanga arahina ki te meka e 80 th te tau o te āhuatanga o te hoahoanga Soviet tahuri ki tetahi mea. Ko e mo'oni, i reira ko etahi kaihanga me whare e tika o te aro, engari ko hoahoanga whānui i roto i te raruraru hohonu. Te mea faahiahia, te auahatanga ora hoahoa i neke i te pane o te kawanatanga, me te Federal Republic.

"Pepa" hoahoanga

I roto i te 80, ka te hoahoanga mōhiohio o te wā Soviet ki raruraru, i reira ko tenei āhuatanga rerekē. Young kaihoahoa i taua wa kihai i taea te tatau e kore anake i runga i te whakatinanatanga o ratou whakaaro, engari tae noa ki runga ki to ratou āhukahuka. Na reira, kua hanga e ratou kaupapa i roto i te pepa, e maha tonoa ratou ki rerekē whakataetae ke, me te riro paraihe. I roto i tenei rohe whanake i te whakatupuranga katoa o kaihoahoa pai. Ko nga kaiwhakatū o te kaupapa A. Brodsky, I. Utkin, Mikhail Belov, Yu AVVAKUMOV, M. Kharitonov. whakawhanakehia e te kaihoahoa ratou ake kāhua o te whakaatu whakaaro. Mai i ratou māia e kore e kia mohio nga kaupapa, arotahi ratou i runga i te whakaaturanga ataata o te ariā. i faauruhia te nuinga o enei kaihoahoa i nga whakaaro o te onamata, ahakoa maha waihanga whakaaro pohara.

Ko te kaihoahoa pai o te USSR

hoahoanga Soviet i roto i te hawhe tuatahi o tona hītori whakawhanakehia whakawhetai ki te auahatanga o kaihoahoa nei ako me te hanga i ara i roto i nga wa emepaea. Kia riro tenei whakatupuranga e, i reira mai te wā poto o te marino. Otiia hohoro tupu rōpū hou o te kaihoahoa e kawe mai whakaaro hou, me te wero hou. Etahi o nga kaihoahoa pai o nga tohunga USSR huanga K. Melnikova, V. Tatlin, A. Shchusev. Ēnei constructivists kėia he whakapehapeha tūturu o to tatou whenua i roto i te hoahoanga ao. Ko reira ano hoki i roto i te pai i roto i te hoahoanga kāinga ko N. Ladovsky, Rerberg, Vesnin teina, Alexander Krasovsky. whai nui ki te hanganga o te whakapakoko o maha pa Soviet i I. Zholtovsky, VN Semenov, AN Dokuchaev lofan B., B. Krinsky. I roto i ngā wā Soviet, kua hanga e matou he kaihoahoa nei i te whai wāhi ki te taui i te wāhi pou-Soviet i muri i te hanganga. I roto ia ratou he mea utu te whakahua Utkin, A. Brodsky, Yuri Grigoryan.

meka ngā

He tonu o ngā ngā me ngā meka Soviet-era hoahoanga. Na, whare a tawhio noa K. Melnikov ko tetahi o te pai i roto i te urupa Constructivist ao. Tino kaihoahoa ao Le Korbyuze tae mai Moscow toru nga wa, ki te faauru whakaaro hou. I roto i te 30raa i hanga te kaupapa nui o te hoahoanga Soviet - ko te Palace o Sovietí, ko tona roa e ki kia 400 mita, 100 papa. Hei whakatinana i te reira, i puhia ai ki runga na te Karaiti te Kaiwhakaora Cathedral, engari mohio kihai i te mahere.